APUSH COMPLETE NOTES
APUSH NOTES
by:Iman Alizahi
Name
Period #
Date
% of exam
Chapters #-#
Period 1
1491-1607
(5% of exam)
Chapters 1-6
Period 2
1607-1754
(10% of exam)
Chapters
Period 3
1754-1800
(12% of exam)
Chapters 6-10
Period 4
1800-1848
(10% of exam)
Chapters 11-16
Period 5
1844-1877
(%13 of exam)
Chapters 17-22
Period 6
1865-1898
(%13 of exam)
Chapters 23-27
Period 7
1890-1945
(%17 of exam)
Chapters 27-35
Period 8
1945-1980
(%15 of exam)
Chapters 36-39
Period 9
1980-current
(%5 of exam)
Chapters 40
Chapter 1 (1491-1607) - Native American Life, Early Colonization
Native Americans Pre-Contact (before 1492)
Over 10,000 years before Columbus, people came to the Americas via the Bering Strait
Aka Native Americans
Native Americans developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based upon interactions with each other and the environment.
Native American religion was very often connected to their relationship with nature.
Aminism: belief that non-human things (plants, animals) possess a spiritual essence
Native American Culture
They developed different and complex societies that both transformed and adopted to their diverse environments
Examples:
Southwest (Pueblo): lived in arid land and relied on irrigation to grow maize & other agricultural products
Great Basin & Great Plains (Lakota Sioux): lack of natural resources led to growth of nomadic lifestyle & the importance of hunting buffalo
Atlantic coast & Northeast (Iroquois): mix of agricultural & hunter-gatherer society. Established permanent villages
Iroquois Confederation.
Colonization of the “New” World
Why European come to Americas?
3 G’s
Gold: New sources of wealth & easier trade with China
Glory: power & status
God: convert natives to Christianity
The arrival of Columbus in 1942 (& other Europeans after) led to massive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic
Columbian Exchange: Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc. between the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe.
Horses (from Europe) dramatically change Native life.
Diseases such as smallpox (from Europe) lead to massive population decline as deadly epidemics spread (90% death rate)
Maize/corn (from America) fueled population increase in Europe
Early Colonization: Spain & Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas:
Spain & Portugal agree to divide up the Western Hemisphere
East for Portugal
West for Spain
Spain was the earliest to colonize North America (St. Augustine, 1565)
Encomienda System: Spanish colonists received land with native people
Native SLAVE LABOR in mining (silver) or agriculture (sugar)
Spanish sought to convert Native people to Catholicism.
Racially mixed populations of European, Native, and African descent
Mestizo: people of mixed Indian and European heritage
Mulatto: people of mixed white and black heritage
Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Attempts to change Native American beliefs led to resistance and conflict
Native people strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy
Pope’s Rebellion(aka Pueblo Revolt):
In 1680 leads to the death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and the destruction of Catholic churches in the are
Led by Po’ Pay
Debatin Spanish Colonization
During early colonization, debates over how to treat Natives started, comparing to ideals already in Europe
Debates were mostly within Spaniards
Juan de Sepulveda wrote “Just Cases for War Against the Indians” that justified Spanish colonization of the Americas
Bartolome de las Casas published in 1552 “A short Account of the Destruction of the Indies” that criticized Spanish treatment of the natives
Comparing European Colonization
Protestant England will soon challenge Spanish colonization of North America
Unlike the English colonist, the Spanish, French, and Dutch are going to attempt to exploit new world resources AND form more complex relationships with natives
Spanish and Portugal formed colonies that used Native and African SLAVE LABOR in agriculture and mining
France, Holland, Spain will trade, intermarry with Natives
Reasons for colonization:
Mercantilism:
Colonies exist to enrich the Mother country
Access to raw materials
Provide gold an silver
End.
Chapter 2 (1588-1733) - Southern Colonies
England
England was slow to colonization game
Englands is only powerful enough to challenge countries like Spain after:
Chapter 3 (start this)
Chapter 4-5
Regional differences existed between the British colonies
New England Colonies:
Puritan religious motive for colonization
close -knit homogeneous society (settlements centered around towns)
Importance of religion,family, and education(school required)
Town Hall meetings (adult male church members)
Received large number of immigrants & high birth rate
Mixed economy: agriculture, trade, shipbuilding
Southern Plantation Colonies:
Male dominated society, warmer climate, harsher life, lower birth rates
Defined hierarchy of wealth & status(southern gentry)
Cash crop plantation economy
Fewer cities develop
Labor system: Indentured servants to slavery(Especially after Bacon’s Rebellion)
Reasons for transition to slavery: 1) abundance of land 2) shortage of indentured servants 3) no way to enslave native population 4) European demand for colonial goods
Majority slave population in South Carolina
Slavery in Colonial America:
Triangular trade:(3 part trade route): Slaves and goods moving from Africa, the Caribbean, and the colonies
The journey from Africa to the Western Hemisphere was known as the “Middle passage”
Slave culture: Blend of African and American cultures
Variety of tribes from different parts of Africa
Stono Uprising, 1739 South Carolina: one of the few slave revolts in colonial America
Tried to get to spanish florida where they were promised freedom
Rebellion was defeated and contributed to stricter laws regulating slaves
Most common resistance to slavery:
Work slowdowns: running away: fake illness, etc.
Religion in the Colonies:
Religious passion was fading in the New England colonies
Half Way Covenant(1662): individuals could become partial church members even if they did not have a conversion
Religious Freedom:
The massachusetts Bay colony DID NOT allow freedom of religion
Some religious toleration existed in a few British colonies
Pennsylvania: Quakers!
Rhode Island: Separation of church and state
Maryland: only to christians
SALEM WITCH TRIALS: Salem, Massachusetts 1692
19 people hung and 1 pressed to death
Reflect growing tension over changing nature of the colony(religious to profit driven commercialism)
Great Awakening:
Was a religious revival in the 1730-40s that spread through the colonies
Many people convert
Jonathan Edwards: “sinners in the Hands of Angry God”
George Whitefield: Introduced a new energized style of evangelical preaching
New lights(supporters) vs. Old Lights(against)
IMPACTS:New universities formed(Dartmouth, Princeton, Brown, etc.)(were all religious)
Greater religious independence & diversity(new churches formed)
Strengthened calls for separation of church and state
1st mass movement shared amongst colonists
Mercantilism
Various mercantile laws were passed to regulate colonial trade to profit England(Navigation Acts, Molasses Act)
The goals and interest of European leaders at times diverged from those colonial cities
But salutary neglect(relative indifference to colonial governance)
GOOD: Colonial shipbuilding developed(especially in New England colonies),
Provided protection of the British military
Provided Chesapeake tobacco a monopoly in England
BAD: Restricted development of colonial manufacturing
Hard to buy higher priced manufacturing goods from England
Farmers had to accept lower prices for their enumerated crops(tobacco etc.)
England attempted to integrate the colonies into a coherent, hierarchical imperial system: DOMINION of NEW ENGLAND(1686)
Glorious Revolution (1688) led to the overthrow of James II(William and Mary take the throne)
Limits power of the monarchy
Colonists rebel against the Dominion of New England.
Big Turning Point: 1763 End of Seven Years War
Lots of Debt
Colonial Politics
Gradual development of democratic institutions in the colonies & colonial experience with self-government
Examples: Mayflower Compact, Town Hall Meetings, House of Burgesses, elected representative assemblies, etc.
Many people still excluded(property pr religious qualifications) and England ultimately was still in charge
Zenger case(1733): advanzed freedom of the press
John Peter Zenger printed a newspaper critical of the royal governor in New York
Charged with libel> jury ruled NOT guilty
Could be critical of elected officials if statements were true
Chapter 6
England’s Colonial Rivals
French: Samuel de Camplain founded Quebec in 1608
Motives for Colonization:
Fun trading economy
Catholic Jesuit Missionaries
Dutch settlement taken over
Spanish settlement: sparsely populated in North America
Differences between French, Dutch, & Spanish vs. British colonies:
Fewer European settlers
Trade alliances with American Indians(especially fur to be exported to Europe)
Intermarriage was much more common
Colonial Wars
3 colonial wars occured
King Williams War (1689-1697)
Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)
King George’s War (1744-1748)
At stake: Control of West Indies, North america(13 colonies and Canada)
First 3 wars were mainly fought in Europe
***Salutary neglect was an unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations on their American colonies,
The purpose was to maximize economic output amongst the colonists while maintaining some form of control.
Colonists looking for new land headed west across the Appalachian mountains(further from British colonial control) and into territory claimed by France.
The war begins in 1754 when a Virginian by the name of George Washington fights against the french & their Native American allies.
7 years war(French and Indian War:)
The war lasted from 1754-1763 and will have a dramatic impact on the relationship between the colonies and England.
French and Indian War:
This is a smaller war within the 7 years war which occured on American soil.
Conflict between British vs. French & Indian.
The cause: The british were approaching the land near Ohio river valley that was claimed by French.
Albany plan:
The British wanted to coordinate the war effort & colonial defense
Representatives from 7 colonies meet in Albany, New York in 1754
Main purpose was to get the powerful neutral Iroquois to join the British
Benjamin Franklin developed the Albany plan of the Union to help coordinate troops and collect taxes(promote colonial unity). Join or die
Colonial jealousy and tradition of not working together led to the plan being rejected.
Established a precedent for later meetings and cooperations.
Treaty of Paris:(1763)
Ended the 7 Years War.
England gains French land from Canada to Florida and the Appalachains to the Mississippi River.
England gains Florida from Spain.
French was kicked out of North America.(had land in Haiti)
After the 7 Years War 1763:
Salutary neglect will come to an end following the French and Indian War in 1763.
1763 is a turning point in the relationship between the colonists and England.
England emerges from the war with massive DEBT = taxes.
Pontiac's Rebellion(1763)
Pontiac(ottawa chief) forged a western confederation and rebelled against colonists encroaching on their land,
Native Americans lost a trading partner(France) and the British wouldn’t trade with them.
Paxton Boys: Western Pennsylvania Scots-Irish settlers attacked random Native People.
British are forced to send additional troops to stop rebellion
Led to the British passing the Proclamation Act of 1763:
Prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian mountains.
Colonists were angry and openly defied the British policy.
British vs. Colonists Views:
British View
Colonists View
Disappointed in colonial military contributionsUnable and unwilling to defend themselves on the frontier
War started in North America and outcome benefitted the colonists so they should help pay for it
Began to assume direct control over the colonies.
Felt they had contributed to the defense of the colonies in all 4 of the warsWanted to access to the frontier land
British policies were violating their liberties.
Chapter 7
Turning point: 1763
End of the 7 Years War, England in debt, salutary neglect comes to an end, Pontiac's Rebellion contributed to the Proclamation Act of 1763, etc.
King George III & Prime Minister George Grenville advocated for acts to increase revenue.
Consolidating Imperial Control
Sugar Act(1764): passed on sugar to raise revenue
Also stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts & crackdown on smuggling(violators be tried in Vice-admiralty courts)
Quartering Act(1765): colonists required to provide food & housing for British soldiers.
Stamp Act(1765): placed a tax on a variety of legal documents & items
This angered colonists especially of the higher class
Passed without consent of the colonial legislature
Colonial Responses:
Virginia Resolves by Patro Henry in the House of Burgesses
Stamp Act Congress - reps from 9 colonies met in New York to oppose British policies. Move towards inter-colonial unity. First organized resistance to British policies
Sons of Liberty: Secret organization that at times used violence to disrupt enforcement of the acts.
Tension Continue
Boycotts(Nonimportation agreements) against British imports were the most effective form of resistance. - drop in trade as a result of these boycotts.
Parliament voted to repeal Stamp Act
It wasn’t raisin money
After the Stamp Act was repealed: Declaratory Act(1766): England says they still have power over the colonies.
Charles Townshed becomes new chancellor of the exchequer & proposed his own revenue plan
Townshend Act(1767): tax on imports such as paper, tea, glass, etc.
$ would be used to pay royal officials in the colonies(previously paid by the colonial assemblies)
Could search private homes for goods by getting a writ of assistance(rather than a warrant)
Resistance to Townshend Acts:
John Dickinson “Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania” argued “no taxation without representation”
England argues “virtual representation”
Colonists created nonimportation & nonconsumption agreements
We are not going to buy any british goods
Boycott British goods
Daughters of Liberty: organized “spinning bees”
England was losing more money than it was generating with the Townshend Acts…
Townshend duties are repealed in 1770
Bloodshed and Relative Calm: 1770-1773
Boston “Massacre”(1770): British troops open fire near the customs house killing 5 colonists
Paul Revere’s engraving used as pro-colonial propaganda(reality was much more complicated)
John Adams defends the British soldiers against murder charges.
Committees of Correspondence(1772) led by Samual Adams were used to keep up communication & resistance to British policies.
Tea Time
Tea Act(1773): Gave a monopoly to the British East India Company
British tea was still cheaper than smuggled tea, the colonist it
Colonists still opposed the Tea Act - opposed the idea that Parliament could tax colonies
Boston Tea Party(1773): Members of the Sons of Liberty dumped tea into Boston harbor.
Some colonists resisted the action: destruction of private property
Boston Tea Party leads the British to pass the…
Coercive Acts(1774): punitive policies(punishing)
Boston port was closed until property was paid for
Drastically reduced power of Massachusetts legislature & banned town hall meetings
Quartering Act expanded
Royal officials accuse of a crime would be put on trial in England(colonist were mad and though that they would not get justice)
The colonists were outraged and called the Coercive Acts the Intolerable Acts.
Suffolk Resolves: boycott British goods until the Intolerable Acts were repealed
Quebec Act(1774):
England trying to figure out what to do with Canadian lands that they acquired from France after the 7 Years War.
Extended the boundary of Quebec into the Ohio Valley
Roman Catholicism established as official religion
Governments allowed to operate without representative assembly or trial by jury
Colonists claimed the land in the Ohio Valley was for them
Protestant colonists not happy about Catholicism
Will England try to take away representative gov’t in the colonies?
Many colonists view the Quebec Act as a direct attack on them.
1st Continental Congress(1774)
In response to the Intolerable Acts
All colonies (except Georgia-not interested, they are too far) send representatives to meet in Philly in September 1774(example of colonial unity)
Wanted to repair their relationship with England
NOT calling for independence
Adopted the Declaration of Rights & Grievances
Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves
Created the Association to coordinate economic boycott
Started making military prep
Planned to meet again in May 1775
Response of England: King George III dismisses their grievances, he declares Massachusetts a rebellion and he sends more troops to North America to keep America in check.
The Opening Shots: Lexington & Concord
British troops led by Gen. Gage left Boston to seize colonial weapons & arrest rebel leaders Sam Adams & John Hancock
Minutemen(colonial militia): warned by Paul Revere & William Dawes
“Shots heard round the world” as 8 colonists killed at Lexington(April 1775)
Another battle took place at Concord
Start of fighting the American Revolution!
Chapter 8
Second Continental Congress
Following lexington & Concord
2nd continental Congress(may 1775) get together in Philly
Division amongst colonists as to whether or not to declare independence
Organized the Continental Army with Washington as commander in chief
Bunker Hill(June 1775) British take hill, but colonists hold their own---Builds confidence!
At the same time the colonists sought peace by sending Olive Branch Petition to King George III(July 1775)
Colonists are trying to prevent a larger war from occurring.
Why:
Loyalty is deeply ingrained in the colonists
They believe they are a part of the British Empire, they see themself as British
Colonial unity was poor for a very long time
And rebellion was dangerous
King DISMISSES the OBP and declared colonies in rebellion
He also hired some German mercenaries to handle the situation
* 1775 still no clear consensus for independence.
Deeper Roots of Revolution
Enlightenment ideas of John Locke and Rousseau strongly influenced the colonists
And the enlightenment ideas emphasized the individual over hereditary privilege
There was an emphasis on reason and science
Locke said everyone has natural rights and the power of government is derived from popular consent.
Thomas Paine’s pamphlet “Common Sense”(Jan 1776) argued for independence
Called for the creation of a republic(representative government) based on natural rights of the people.
A radical idea at the time
Strongly influenced by the enlightenment
Declaration of independence
Thomas Jefferson drafted the formal Declaration of independence
Goals:
Justify independence by listing grievances against King George III
Thomas Jefferson wrote against the slavery, but it was removed at the assistance of the Southerners
To rally support amongst the colonists
To get the assistance from foreign nations
Broad appeal by declaring “unalienable rights” (natural rights) and the power of government rest with the people(popular sovereignty)
By July 1776, the Declaration of independence is formally adopted and we AMERICA.
Colonial Unity?
Patriots
Loyalists
Neutrals?
Colonists who fought against the BritishMost were around New England are around Boston
But they were never a majority of the population
30%-40% were Patriots
Colonists loyal to the BritishOpposed to independence
20%-30% were loyalists
They were called Tories over in England
Tended to be educated & wealthy, older, more conservative
People who were connected to the monarchy Or the members of the Anglican clergy
They are going to have a hard time because they are going to be on the losing side
They are treated as traitors during and after the American Revolution
Property seized, harassed
About 80,000 emigrated from the USA
Most colonists were neutral or apatheticAbout ⅓ of the population
England vs America
British strengths/Colonial weaknesses
Colonial strengths/British weaknesses
Militarily and economically superior to the coloniesDeveloped manufacturing sector
Considerable loyalist opposition
Weak government structure under the Continental Congress(& eventually the Article of Confederation)
Colonists had greater familiarity with the landThey are fighting the defensive war, all they have to do is not lose and they would win
Use of guerilla warfare(attack when it’s favorable to them)
Resilient military and political leadership
(Washington at Valley Forge)
Ideological commitment
Eventual support form European allies(FRANCE!)
Following Battle of Saratoga
Why did France help the colonies?France hoped to regain its power in North America and Europe
They suffered a bad defeat in 7 Years War
Other reasons for France to support the colonists:
End of British mercantile policies means free to trade with colonies.
Caught up in the idealism and Enlightenment ideas
Benjamin Franklin(goes to France) helped negotiate the treaty
France was giving colonists secret aid prior to 1778 but nothing formal until the Battle of Saratoga
Formal alliance (1778) followed the Battle of Saratoga
Colonists receive money, weapons, naval support(very important) and soldiers
Significant Battles of the Revolution
Lexington & Concord(April 1775)
Bunker Hill(June 1775)
Colonists technically lose, but it’s a moral boost that we can hold our own.
Trenton(Dec. 26 1777)
Washington crossed Delaware river and capture 1,000 Hessian soldiers
Battle of Saratoga(Oct. 1777)
British surrender
France joins the war on the side of the Americans
Later in war England focused war effort on the South
Because there is a great amount of loyalists in that region and high slave population
Battle of Yorktown(Oct. 1781) General Cornwallis surrenders to American, French troops
.French blockaded the sea
Final major battle
Treaty of Paris(1783)
Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay headed to Paris to negotiate an end to the war
England recognized United States independence
Boundary of the US would extend to the Mississippi river to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida
Americans agree to:
Must respect rights of the loyalists
Debt should be repaid not only to the loyalist, but also to the British creditors
Political impact of the American Revolution
Greater political democracy in the new state and national governance
State constitutions abolished many old European laws and traditions
No titles of nobility could be granted
Different ideas of what republicanism would mean
Many states eliminated property requirements for voting(eg. Pennsylvania)
However the colonial elite remained and other states restricted political involvement
Most states did not have full democracy(blacks, women, indians)
American Revolution inspired revolution in France, Haiti, and Latin America.
Social impact of the American Revolution
Women played significant roles:
Maintaining farm & business while men away
Nurses
Cooks
Etc.
Impact: Abigail Adams(wife of John Adams) “Remember the Ladies” called for greater rights for women
Ideal of “republican motherhood” which called on women to teach republican values within the family
Women were still treated as 2nd class women.
Native Americans oftentimes fought on the side of the British
British limited colonial settlement
(Iroquois Confederation divided over the issue)
African Americans eventually were allowed to fight in the Continental Army
Royal Governor of Virginia Lord Dunmore promised promised freedom to any slaves who fought FOR the british
Following the American Revolution gradual emancipation in the northern and middle states
Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law(1780)
No more slaves could come in to the state
Children born to slave parents would be considered free
Later on slavery will expand on the south and adjacent western lands
This will create distinct regional attitudes towards slavery
Slavery will be protected in the Constitution.
Chapter 9
State Governments
Each state setup its own written plan of government(constitution)
Characteristics of these new governments:
Separation of powers: power was typically split between 3 branches of government.
Legislative branch had the most power due to the fear of a strong executive branch.
Property requirements were typical for voter eligibility
Many states included bill of rights(religion, trial by jury, etc.)
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson
Government was set up based upon republicanism (power comes from the people)
Debate over what republicanism would look like.
Articles of Confederation
1st national government of the US
Drafted by John Dickinson
Formally ratified in 1781
Government could:
Conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties
Created a central government with limited power
Unicameral congress
No executive branch or court system
No power to tax
Could not regulate trade between states
Other problems
9 votes out 13 to pass laws
All states regardless of size had one vote(representation)
All 13 states must agree to amend the Article
Financial problems
Under the Articles of Confederation financial problems plagued the young nation
You had to rely on the states to send money to the government
Northwest Ordinance
Land Ordinance of 1784 established the principle that territories could become states as their population grew.
Land Ordinance of 1785 set up system for surveying and selling land in Northwest.
They set aside a section of land for education
A progressive idea at the time
Land Ordinance of 1787 set up system for territories to enter the union as new states.
Once a territory reached a population of 60,000 they could petition to become a state.
Banned slavery north of the Ohio river
This adds to further divide south and the north as time goes on.
Foreign Policy problems
British built forts in the west, disrupted trade, and armed Natives
Spain banned American shipping along the Mississippi in 1784.
France demanded repayment of loans
Barbary Pirates harassed American shipping
They were North Africa in Mediteranian Sea
Before the revolution, we had the protection of powerful British Navy, but now we are on our own.
Shay’s Rebellion
Following the American Revolution the economy suffered a postwar depression
Particularly hard hit was farmers
Many states printing paper money which is worthless
Shay’s Rebellion (1786-1787) Daniel Shay veteran of the revolution and farmer in Massachusetts led a rebellion of poor farmers
Demands: lower taxes, end of foreclosures(they don’t want their farms taken over), paper $, end of Imprisonment for debt
These demands are not met and mobs form
Government was TOO WEAK to put down the rebellion down
Shay’s Rebellion increase calls for a stronger central government
Creating a New Government
Growing demand to address the problems facing the nation(trade. finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, & internal unrest)
Annapolis Convention (1786): 5 states attend to discuss trade and commerce
Not a really successful meeting in terms of accomplishment
Two people at the meating Alexander Hamilton & James Madison agree to meet up in 1 year in Philadelphia(it lead to ↓)
Constitutional Convention (1787) meets for the purpose of revising the Articles
55 delegates sent “for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation
12 states show up, no Rhode Island
Very quickly they decided to create an entirely new stronger central government
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and some of the more radical members of the American Revolution Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams were in Europe and were suspicious of this group and they are really worried about the formation of a more powerful government.
Compromises of the Convention
Big issue at the Convention was about representation in Congress
How will they determine the # of representatives for each state.
James Madison Introduced the Virginia Plan(Large State Plan)
Bicameral(2 house) legislature
Representation would be base on population size
New Jersey Plan was favored by the small states
Unicameral(1 house) legislature
Each state would have equal representation
Roger Sherman introduced the Great Compromise(Connecticut Plan)
Bicameral legislature
Upper house (Senate) 2 representatives per state
Lower house (House of Reps) based on population
Compromises over Slavery
Debates over whether slaves should be counted in state population?
Southerners said YES. You should count our slaves so we can get more reps
Northerners say NO. You don’t give them any political or social or economical rights so the answer is no.
3/5 th Compromise: slaves would be counted 3/5 of a person when deciding representation in the House of Reps.
Slave trade; allowed to continue until 1808
Althugh the word “slave” or “slavery” was not used in the Constitution, the Institution of slavery was very much protected by the original document.
For example: Fugitive Slave Clause which says if your slave runs away you are able to reacquire your property and bring them back to your plantation or farm.
Debate Over Ratification
Federalist: Supporter of the Constitution and a strong central government
Anti-Federalist: Critics of the Constitution and favored a weak central government
Favored state rights
The Federalist Papers (85 essays) written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay to persuade people to support ratification of the Constitution
Guarantee of a Bill of Rights helped achieve ratification
Enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted powers of the federal government.
In 1789 Geroge Washington takes office as the nations 1st President
***Know About the Constitution
The Constitution set up a government based upon popular sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty: Who gives the Government its power?
A government in which the people rule
Republicanism: How are people’s views represented in the government?
People exercise their power by voting for their political representatives.
Separation of powers between the 3 branches
The Constitution set up a division of power between the national and state government (aka. Federalism)
The national government ultimately has supremacy over the states
Constitution would be “the supreme law of the land”
Presidents would NOT be elected directly by the voters
Wanted to limit excessive popular influence
They feared too much democracy would lead to mob rule
Created the electoral college
Chapter 10
Washington’s Administration
Becomes the 1st President of the US in 1789
Unanimously elected
Sets many PRECEDENTS that put the principles of the Constitution in practice
Two term presidency
Established the CABINET (group of advisors who would serve as the heads of different departments)
Washington’s Presidential Cabinet:
Sec of State: Thomas Jefferson
Sec of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of war: Henry Knox
Conflicts will develop as Federalist ideas are implemented by Hamilton
Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court with 1 chief justice and 5 associate Justices
John Jay is the first
It also sets up lower court systems.
Bill of Right
The BILL OF RIGHTS was added to the Constitution to alleviate concerns of the Anti-Federalists
There 10 Amendments were intended to provide protections against plan government power
1st amendment: speech, religion, press, assembly
4th: no unreasonable searches and seizures without probable cause
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Sec of Treasury Alexander Hamilton developed a financial program to pay off the debt and develop American manufacturing
Part 1: REPORT ON PUBLIC CREDIT: called for the federal gov to pay off the national debt at face value and assume the war debts of the states(Assumption Plan)
Compromise with Jefferson: Capital would be moved to the south(Washington D.C.)
Part 2: Hamilton supported 1)high tariffs (tax on imports) nad 2)Excise taxes (tax on specific items such as whiskey)
Would protect American “infant” industries from foreign competition
Raise revenue to pay off the debt
Part 3: He created a NATIONAL BANK that would help create stable, healthy economy, and currency
Huge debate over the Bank of the U.S. & the power of the fed gov. under the new Constitution.
Jefferson (Jeffersonian Republicans): Constitution did not give Congress the authority to create a bank
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Hamilton (Federalist): the “necessary and proper”(elastic clause) clause allowed Congress to create the BUS since it was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers
Loose (Broad) Interpretation of the Constitutions
First Party System
First party system would develop during the 1790’s
No mention of political parties in the Constitution
Federalist vs. Jeffersonian Republicans
FEDERALIST
Jeffersonian Republicans
Supported Hamilton’s economic vision (manufacturing)Advocated loose interpretation of the Constitution
Strong central government
Pro England
Mostly the wealthy class
Supported Jefferson’s economic vision 9agrarian society)Advocated strict interpretation of the Constitution
Favored state rights
Pro French
Favored farmers
Whiskey RebellionPart of Hamilton’s financial plan included an excise tax on whiskey
Farmers in Western Pennsylvania
Seen as a challenge to the authority of the new federal government
Remember the failure of Articles in dealing with Shay’s Rebellion
Washington takes over the state militia(around 15k troops) and stops the rebellion by show of force
Demonstrated to many the power and effectiveness of the federal government
Critics such as Jefferson Disturbed by use of force
Foreign Policy: France
French Revolution deeply divided America
Should the US help France?
Federalist: concerned about violence & wanted to avoid war with England
Democratic Republicans: extension of our own fight for liberty & England was seizing American ships(impressment)
Washington issued Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) declaring the US neutral
French minister to the US Citizen Edmond GENET traveled in the US trying to convince people to support France
Foreign Policy: England & Spain
England continued to cause the US problems 1) impressment(taking american sailors and forcing them into British Navy) 2) occupied forts in the west
Chief Justice John Jay sent to England to negotiate(and avoid war)
Jay’s Treaty (1794): British agreed to leave the forts on the frontier
Said nothing about stopping Britain’s harassment of American ships or Native issue(England was selling weapons to Natives)
Does keep the US neutral
Unpopular amongst Jeffersonian Republicans
Spain had previously blocked American access to the Mississippi river
Pinckney treaty (1975) Spain agrees to allow the US usage of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans
Made the northern boundary of Florida the 31st parallel
Native Americans
Native American land continued to be encroaching up by settlers moving west
Native tribes formed the Northwest Confederacy under the Miami Chief Little Turtle
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) natives defeated by US Army led by General Anthony Wayne
Treaty of Greenville (1795): the defeated tribes gave up Ohio Territory
John Adams
George Washington decide to leave office after 2 terms as President (set precedent)
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)(printed on newspapers, a formal speech was not given) warned the nation:
Permanent alliances
Danger of political parties
Election of 1796:
Deferalist VP John Adams vs.
Democratic republican Thomas Jefferson
John Adams becomes President
Thomas Jefferson becomes the VP since he finished 2nd
Fixed by 12th amendment in 1804
Foreign Policy Under John Adams
France’s war against European nations was a major problem for Adams.
Seizing of American ships(mainly by England but also by France).
Adams wanted to avoid a war with France and sent US diplomats to Paris.
↑↑↑ This is known as XYZ Affair: French officials knows as X, Y, Z attempted to get the Americans to bribe them in order to start negotiations with Foreign Minister Talleyrand
Outraged many Americans - “millions for defense, but no one cent for bribe.”
Demands for war amongst American public
Quasi War: undeclared naval war between France & the US
States vs. Federal Government
Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Reason: Passed by Federalist controlled Congress to limit the political opposition(of Democratic-Republicans)Naturalization Act: increased time from 5 to 14 years for immigrants to become American citizens
Alien Act: President could deport or arrest immigrant considered dangerous
Sedition Act: made it illegal to criticize the government(newspapers or political opponents)
Reason: To oppose federal laws that Democratic-Republicans felt were unconstitutionalKentucky Resolution (Jfferson) & Virginia Resolution (Madison) said a state could nullify federal laws passed by congress they felt were unconstitutional
Compact Theory:states had made a compact with the national government(if the nat govt. Violated the compact, the states don’t have to abide by it either.).
Argument of nullification will be used by South Carolina in the 1830s and used by southerners when they secede from the Union.
Chapter 11
Election of 1800
John Adams is running for reelection against Thomas Jefferson
Election of 1800: Federalist lost control of both the executive and the legislative branches.
Thomas Jefferson becomes the 1st Democratic-Republican president
“Revolution of 1800” 1st peaceful transfer of power between political parties.
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
Federalist & the Judicial Branch
Federalist wanted to maintain some grip on power and passed the Judiciary Act of 1801
Created new judicial positions
Called the Midnight Appointments
Attempt by Adams administration to put Federalists judges in place before leaving office
One of the midnight appointees (William Marbury) sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission
Leads to Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional
***This established the idea of judicial review
The Supreme Court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional
Massive expansion of judicial power
As Chief Justice John Marshall will dramatically increase power of the federal government
How Jeffersonian was Jefferson?
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans:
Created by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Limited fed government
Believed in nation of farmers
Jeffersonian policies: Eliminated excise taxes, lowered national debt
Does not dismantle all of the Federalist policies: He keeps the BUS(Bank of The US) & debt plan
TJ attempted to buy New Orleans from France
Napoleon offers to sell all of the Louisiana territory for $15 million
Why: needs money
Haiti Revolution
Fight against England
Although the Constitution does not say the president could purchase foreign land, TJ supported the deal
Jefferson used loose interpretation of the Constitution & the idea of implied powers to make the deal
Louisiana Purchase
Doubled the size of the US
Supports Jefferson’s vision of a agrarian society of independent farmers
Avoided potential threat(France) along the nation’s border
Further weakened Federalist party
Lewis and Clark led a scientific exploration of the trans-Mississippi West.
Start of the US claims to the Oregon Territory & Pacific coast
Aaron Burr
Was VP during Jefferson's first term of office
He plotted with some radical Federalist to secede New England states from the union
Alexander Hamilton helped defeat Burr in the NY election
Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804
Put on trial for treason but acquitted
Violation to American Neutrality
War in Europe continued to cause problems for the United States
Violations of the US Neutrality
Impressment: forced enlistment of Americans into British Navy
France issued the Berlin Decree (1806) that said they would seize ships trading with England
England issued the Orders in Council (1806) that said whips must stop in England first
Showdown:
Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807): English ship Leopard attacked American ship the Chesapeake
Jefferson’s Response
Jefferson didn’t wanted to fight with Britain after the Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807)
He issued the Embargo Act of 1807
Banned US trade with ALL foreign nations
Impact: The US economy plummeted
Unintended Consequences:
Helped fuel the industrial revolution in the New England region
President James Madison
Just before Jefferson leaves office, he repeals the embargo act.
James Madison becomes president in 1809
Non-Intercourse Act (1809): replaced the Embargo Act. The US could trade with all nations EXCEPT France & England
Macon’s Bill #2: Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act (1809). US would end embargo if the country respected US neutrality and freedom of the sea
Members of Congress in 1811 known as the “War Hawks” advocated for war against England
Why:
Stop British harassment
Wipe out Native resistance on the frontier
Take Canada from England
Native Resistance on the Frontier
Shawnee brothers Tecumesh and “the Prophet” organized a confederacy of tribes east of the MIssissippi river
William Henry Harrison organized an army and attacked native resistance in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe
Huge blow to native resistance and win for American expansion
War of 1812 Declared
England’s arming of Natives on the frontier
England’s continued violations of US neutrality
Pressure from War Hawks in Congress
Desire for more land, protect American honor, etc.
Democratic-Republicans tended to favor France
Chapter 12
War of 1812
Initially went poorly for the US
Nation was divided
Was opposed by Federalists in the congress and merchants in New England
Failed invasion of Canada
The British burned Washington D.C. and attempt to defeat Fort McHenry in Baltimore
Treaty of Ghent formally ended the war- nothing gained- stalemate!
Two weeks after the war ended Andrew Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans
Marks the beginning of Andrew Jackson as a national figure and hero
Hartford Convention
Some Federalist met to discuss their concerns (December 1814)
Some radical Federalists encourage secession
This idea was mostly voted down
This sets a president later used by the south
Nail in the coffin for the Federalist party
Era of Good Feelings
Following the War of 1812 there was a huge increase in nationalism
We have survived two wars against England
We are gaining respect of the World
We have new war heroes
James Monroe elected in 1816
He easily beats his Federalist opponent.
Democratic-Republicans(part of Monroe) is beginning to adapt some of the Federalist policies
Period of only ONE political party, the Democratic-Republican party was known as “The Era of Good Feelings”
Not all good feelings
Growing sectionalism
Debate over the American system (tariff, BUS, etc)
Slavery
Panic of 1819
Caused by over-speculation of frontier lands
First major economical crash under the Constitution
The American System
Henry Clay instituted the “American System”
Expression of economic nationalism
National Republicans adopt policies similar to the Federalist
Tariff of 1816: 1st protective tariff
To protect American goods from British competition by putting this tax on it(on british goods) to make American goods more attractive
Designed to help American industry/Manufacturing
2nd Bank of the US (1816): help ensure financial stability and provide credit
First BUS expired in 1811.
Internal Improvements: development of canals and roads to link the nation together
Madison and Monroe vetoed proposals to use federal funds on roads and canals
They thought that the constitution didn’t give the nat. Gov. that authority
NY completed Erie Canal 1825
Missouri Compromise
Missouri petitions to enter the union as a slave state (part of the Louisiana territory)
This would upset the sectional balance between slave and free states (11 slave states, 11 free states - important for power in congress)
Tallmadge Amendment proposed:
Gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri
This amendment is defeated by the south in the senate
Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay in 1820:
Missouri enters as slave state
Maine enters as a free state
Above 36°30’ slavery would be prohibited
Missouri Compromise temporarily stemmed growing tensions
Supreme Court
Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws.
Marbury v. Madison (1803): established judicial review
McCulloch v Maryland (1819): Maryland tries to tax the BUS.
State could not tax a federal agency
Court says “power to tax is power to destroy”
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ruled that only the federal government (Congress) could regulate interstate trade
***All of these gave more power to the federal government
Foreign Policy developments
The US starts to have some stability in foreign affairs and diplomatic success
Hugely important is Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
Anglo-American Convention 1818 between US and England
Joint occupation of Oregon territory for 10 years
Set northern boundary of Louisiana Territory at 49th parallel
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) the US acquired Florida
The US agreed to give up claim to Texas
Monroe Doctrine
US feared that Europe would try to recolonize territory in the western hemisphere
England also wanted to keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine (1823) the US warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
The US agreed to avoid European affairs
Not much immediate impact
Later on,especially in 1890s onward the US will play a huge role in Latin American affairs
Chapter 13 (class notes)
1.Andrew Jackson had faith in the ability of the people to participate in government.
Jackson was supportive of the ability of the people in government, as he appointed many of his friends to public office. (the spoil system)
He believed that “every man is as good as his neighbor.”
Kept and consulted with a group of close friends as a secondary cabinet, the kitchen cabinet, which allowed him to gain and consider multiple perspectives.
He was strongly against the idea of an aristocratic, bureaucratic, officeholding class.
Andrew Jackson obviously had faith in the ability of the people to participate in government as he was the first president to be elected through direct appeal to the masses, this he often boasted about.
2. Andrew Jackson understood the importance of political support from friends.
He appointed many of his friends to political office through the spoils system
Had a group of informal advisors (His kitchen cabinet)
Removed money from Bank of the US and put it into smaller banks that were friends of Jackson
Believed that jobs in the government could be “so plain and simple” that basically anyone could do it. He also appointed many officers for life tenure.
Often consulted friends before making huge decisions
A few of his friends (William Lewis and Ralph E.W. Earl) lived in the white house for quick and easy advice
3. Andrew Jackson believed in the power of a strong presidency and used his power effectively.
Jackson ignored the ruling of the Supreme Court several times and exercised the executive power of the President.
When South Carolina voted to nullify tariffs, Andrew Jackson wanted to attempt to collect tariffs duties by force, showing the power of a strong federal government.
Jackson used his power to veto more often than the previous six presidents combined
Jackson used the spoils system to appoint officials that were loyal to him and so solidified his power.
4. Andrew Jackson believed that the federal government was supreme to that of the states.
Andrew Jackson’s proclamation against the nullification of the tariff of 1832 in South Carolina demonstrated his stubbornness towards state secession and upholded the belief that the federal government is higher than state and can administer tariffs
Under Jackson’s administration, the force bill was passed and this gives the President the power to use military force to enforce tariffs.
Jackson enforced the Indian Removal Act that let the military forcibly removed Native Americans even though some states had allowed the natives to stay.
5. Andrew Jackson championed the desire of white Americans over the rights and desires of Native Americans.
Chose to ignore the Supreme Court decision that ruled in favor of the Native Americans. Instead, he forced the Native Americans out of their land.
Referred to Native Americans as “savage hunters” as reasoning for why taking their land was justified.
Chose not to treat the Natives as another nation and took their land without any treaties and forced them westward to create more space for American settlement
Indian removal act of 1830 displaced many Native Americans from their homes and forced them farther West. At least 3000 indigenous people died on the trail of tears- when Cherokee native americans were forced to leave their homelands.
The Native Americans, mostly Cherokees, were forced out of land in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi, and were forced to new lands in the Oklahoma Territory.
Chapter 13
Background to the ‘Corrupt Bargain’
Under 12th Amendment: The house must choose among the top three candidates for president.
Speaker of the House Clay and JQA both supported the American system
Clay throws his support behind John Quincy Adams
So John Quincy Adams became the president
Henry Clas was picked as the new Secretary of State
Awesome position to become president(3 previous presidents were sec secretary of state before becoming president)
According to Jackson’s supporters, Adams had bribed Clas with the position.
Jackson peeps denounce “corrupt bargain”
John Quincy Adams
Foreign policy legend:
Accomplishments as Secretary of State:
Rush-Bagot Treaty
British-American Convention
Adams-Onis Treaty
Monroe Doctrine
Difficulties as President
Never had majority of support
Charges of “corruption” hanging over him
Post 1824 Election
Final Split amongst “united” Republicans under the Era of Good Feelings
The National Republicans
It means you support Adams
The Democratic-Republicans
It means you support Jacskon
Election of 1828
Dirty campaign
Sectional results of vote
But Jackson crushed JQA in the rematch
First president from the West
He is seen as a “common man”
Most states had lifted property requirements (except virginia rhode island and NC)
Democratization of American Society
Most states eliminate property requirements for voting
Eventually universal white male voting (suffrage)
Inauguration Day(1829)
Jackson”s inauguration seen as a victory for common man
Political Changes
1790-1828: Caucus System
Small group of individuals within the party would choose the candidate
After 1828: Party Convention
Members from the political party nominate the candidate.
Spoils System: rewarding political supporters with public office
Jacson defended it on democratic grounds
Corruption and ineffectiveness accompanied the new system
Nullification Crisis
Tariff of 1828 passed by Congress
Northerners love it, Southerners hate it
Sectionalism on the rise again!
Southerners refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the “Tariff of Abominations”
Pamphlet published “South Carolina Exposition” written by John C. Calhoun(VP at the time)
It outlined the Nullification Theory
Nullification Theory: A state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or nullify it
South Carolina says we have the right to nullify this(tariff of 1828) but we don't have the ⅔ votes
Another tariff passed by Congress- Tariff of 1832
Even though this lovers the tax rates:
South Carolina is pissed
Nullification is approved: the tariff would not be collected in South Carolina
SC Threatened secession if attempt made to collect the tax.
This is known as the Nullification Crisis
Jackson Responds
Jackson was not a fan of the tariff, but wanted to defend the union
“Olive Branch and Sword”
Force Bill of 1833: Federal army would collect tariff
Nullification would not be tolerated.
Compromise Tariff of 1833: Henry Clay help negotiate a lower tariff
Thus nullification was rescinded
Union preserved
Sign of things to come?
SC will leave the union in 1869
Jackson’s Indian Policy
Jackson’s Goal:
Expansion into Southwest for Southern planters
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Five Civilized tribes ----- forcibly removed
Result of Indian Removal Act
Jacson’s policy led to uprooting of thousands of Native people
Seminole Indians refused to leave Florida
Brutal war took place between the US and Sminole Natives called Second Seminole War(1835)
Courts protect the rights of Cherokee:
Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Georgia law does not apply to the Cherokee nation
Cherokee cannot be forced to move by the US government
Jackson chooses to ignore federal courts decision
He famously said “John Marshall has ,ade his decision, let him enforce it if he can”
Trail of Tears (1838): forced removal of 15k Cherokees to leave Georgia.
Bank War
1816 Congress gave 20 year Charter to the Bank of the US
It wasn’t dues until 1836, but:
Congress approves recharter in 1832 with help of Henry Clay.
Henry Clay wants to make it an issue in ELECTIONS OF 1832.
1832→Jacson vetoed the recharter of the 2nd National Bank of the US
Some accuse him of exercising too much power
Jackson wins the reelection in 1832
Bank War(continued)
Andrew Jackson took steps to destroy the national bank prior to 1836.
Orders all federal funds withdrawn in 1833
Place them into “Pet Banks”( State banks that were loyal)
Bank President Nicholas Biddle calls in loans
Widespread economic uncertainty
Economic Collapse
Specie Circular: Issued in 1836: required that public land be purchased with gold or silver(“hard” currency)
Panic of 1837 - Caused by a variety of factors
Over speculation in western lands
Bank battle
Specie circular
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren becomes president
He is the Democrat party, party of Andrew jackson and the party of slavery.
New political Parties
Democrats
Whigs
Small national gov’tFederal gov’t should stay out of economic affairs and social issues
Strength: South, West and amongst workers.
Favored strong central gov’tSupported Clay’s American System
Tended to support public schooling and moral reform movements (prohibition of liquor)
Strengths: New England area, Protestants, etc.
Texas IndependenceMexico wins independence from Spain
Stephen Austion given large amount of land in modern day Texas
Immigrants had to be Catholic
Follow Mexican law
Mexico outlaws slavery in 1830 and prohibits furhter immigration
In 1836 Texas declared independence from Mexico.
Santa Anna leads 6k of troops into Texas to stop this independence movement
13 day siege kills 200 Texans at the Alamo
Sam Houston wins decisive battle at San Jacinto
Texas Annexation issue
Lone Star Republic in 1836
Texas is now a nation
Santa anna rejects the treaty that Texas is independents
In 1837 Andrew Jackson recognizes republic of Texas just as he is about to leave
Request for admission into the Union
Delayed due to the contentious issue of slavery
Election of 1840
First Whig president
William Henry Harrison becomes the president
“Log Cabin Campaign” - Adopt log cabin and hard cider as symbols for the campaign
Demonstrate need to appeal to the masses
He is the oldest president at the time(he was 68 yo)
He dies 32 days after taking office!
Chapter 14
Market Revolution
Regional specialization: Sections developing distinct economies
North: Industrial Revolution(factories, mills, etc)
West: agriculture(wheat, livestock, etc)
South: Cash crop economy(all about cotton)
Technology and transportation improvements
Population increase-high birth rate
Immigration:
Irish, German, English, etc
Growth of Cities (NY, Chicago, New Orleans, etc,)
Western expansion - raises the issue of slavery again
Economic changes had impact on migration patterns, gender and family relations, and class relations.
Immigration
Spike in immigration
Lots of land(and cheaper than europe)
Jobs in factories
American freedom and opportunity
Irish potato famine (mid-1840s)
Irish Immigrants
Largely settled in cities(Boston, NY)
Oftentimes did hard labor for low wages
Victims of prejudice
Anger of native born Americans over “stealing” jobs since they worked for low wages
Many were Catholic and victims of anti-Catholicism
Important politically support for Democrats
Tammany Hall in NY
German Immigrants
Extremely diverse group
Germany not a nation
Mix of religions
Wide variety of social classes/occupations
Largely settle in Old Northwest
German communities
Nativists
Reasons:
Took jobs from “native” Americans
Would outvote the “native” Americans, ruin American culture
Many were Roman Catholics
Know Nothing Party - group of American nativists.
Advocated for restrictions on immigrants
America was becoming more ethnically and racially diverse
Diverging Economic Systems:
Regional Economic Specialization
Regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns
Northern Manufacturing
Samuel Slater - 1790s “Father of the factory system”
Memorized plans for machinery from England
Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable parts - allows for mass production in factories & greater efficiency
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph in 1844
Revolution in communication
Factory Work in The North
Change in work
Manufacturing done in factories
Long hours, low wages, dangerous
From semi subsistence agriculture to “wage slaves”
Lowell System - factory in Massachusetts worked by New England farmers daughters (late Irish women)
Commonwealth v. Hunt - labor unions were allowed by Massachusetts supreme court
No major labor union movement until later
Impact:
Northern economic advantage in Civil War
Transportation Revolution
Steamboat Clermont developed in 1807 by Robert Faulten
Transportation costs cheaper
Turnpikes built
Cumberland Road built in 1811
Erie Canal 91825) built by New York state
Linked Great Lakes with hudson river
Canal boom 1820-1830s
Railroads: fast, reliable, cheaper than canals
Explosion of construction (especially in North)
Impact:
Continental economy emerged by 1860
Extended markets
Who should pay: fed vs state
Farming Inventions: Revolution in the fields
Cyrus McCormick invents the McCormic reaper (1830)
Cut and gather more crops
John Deere invents the steel plow in 1837
Broke through the soil
Consequences
Subsistence farming gave rise to LARGE SCALE FARMING
Demand for more land and machinery
Increase debt amongst farmers
Need better transportation
Eli Whitneys’ Cotton Gin (1793)
Created huge demand for slaves
Northern factories purchased this cotton
***
Southern cotton will be the raw material for manufacturing in the North
Increase in internal slave trade
Transformation from a subsistence economy of tiny farmers and workshops to a national network of industry and commerce
Changed family dynamics as women and children leave the home to work in factories
“CULT OF DOMESTICITY” still in place
Chapter 15
Big ideas:
The second great Awakening, liberal social ideas from abroad, and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility fostered the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious and secular reforms, including abolitionist and women's rights.
Various groups of American Indians, women, and religious followers developed cultures reflecting their interest and experiences, as did regional groups and an emerging urban middle class.
New Ideas: Liberalism in Religion
Deism
Less revelation, more reliance on reason
Less bible, more science
But they believe in god
Gave human beings capacity for moral behavior
UNITARIANISM
Spinoff from less extreme Puritanism of the past
Humans(in a unitarian view) have FREE WILL and the possibility of SALVATION BY GOOD WORKS
God not as stern Creator, but loving father
Contrast with hellfire doctrines of Calvinism
REJECTING PREDESTINATION and human wickedness
Second Great Awakening
Reasons:
Unlike the First Great Awakening was a response to the enlightenment, this Second Great Awakening is the result of lack of religion.
Concern over lack of religious zeal
Ideas if Deism and Unitarianism
Here is the long cause: The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, alo
Wave of revivals
Spread Across the country
Frontier “camp meetings”
Charles Finney - revival preacher who leads revival in New York are in 1830s
Against slavery and alcohol
Numerous citizens CONVERTED
“Born again Christians”
Boston church attendance
NEW RELIGIOUS SECTS formed METHODISTS and BAPTISTS huge increase in numbers
Stressed personal conversion (not predestination)
DEMOCRATIC control of the church affairs
EMOTIONALISM in worship
Increase in EVANGELICALISM inspire reform efforts - AGE OF REFORM
Prison Reform
Temperance
Women’s movement
Anti-Slavery
Key part of Second Great Awakening was the KEY ROLE OF WOMEN IN RELIGION
Majority of new church members
Women role of bringing family back to God
Inspired involvement in various other reform efforts
MORMONS
JOSEPH SMITH(founder) - Creates Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Travels to Illinois
Murdered by angry mob in 1844
BRIGHAM YOUNG(new leader) leads the followers to Utah in 1846-47
Develops a separate community (“New Zion”)
Prosperous COOPERATIVE frontier community
Settlement increases by birthdate and immigrant from abroad (missionary)
Will not be admitted into the union until 1896
ISSUE OF POLYGAMY(having multiple viwes)
Age of reform
Dorothy Dix
Worked tirelessly to reform mental health treatment
Traveled the country to document the problem
Leads to professional treatment for the mentally ill.
Educational Reform
Tax supported school were rare in early years of the republic
BENEFITS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
Instill REPUBLICAN values
Instill Values: discipline, hard work, etc.
AMERICANIZE IMMIGRANTS
HORACE MANN - Secretary of Mass. Board of Education.
Longer school terms
Compulsory(required) attendance
Expanded curriculum
More schools
NORTH benefitted far more from educational reforms
Illegal for black slaves to learn to read and write
There was no need for education in the SOUTH since it was based on plantations
Temperance Movement
Drinking Problems
FACTORY system needed efficient labor
FAMILY life
Seen as IMMIGRANT issue(Irish and Germany drinking way too much)
American Temperance Society created in 1826
Urged members to stop drinking
Created propaganda to spread their “dry” message
Move from temperance to legal prohibition
They moved from propaganda to using legal action to stop drinking
Maine Law of 1851
Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor
Nationwide with the 18th Amendment
Women Resist
Women were treated like SECOND CLASS CITIZENS
Democratization did not apply to women
“Age of Common Man”
“Cult of domesticity”
The home was a women’s special sphere
Idea of “REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD”
Mothers should raise children to be good citizens
As a result:
Women Reformers:
Inspired by Second Great Awakening
Demand rights for women, temperance movement, and the abolition of slavery
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both advocated for suffrage for women
Women’s Rights: Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Stanton read “Declaration of Sentiments”
“All men and women are created equal”
Demand rights to vote for women
Launched the modern women’s rights movement
Women’s rights was overshadowed by abolitionist movement
Transcendentalism
Truth, “transcends” the senses
Not just found by observation alone
Every person possess an INNER LIGHT that can illuminate the highest truth
Ralph Waldo Emerson - Stress self reliance, self improvement, and freedom.
“THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR”(a speech) in 1837 at Harvard challenged Americans to make their own art and culture(don’t just copy Europe)
Henry David Thoreau - “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” (1849) & “Walde” (1854), (these are books***)
Utopian Communities
Various movements to move away from conventional society and create a utopian community.
MORMONS: religious communal effort
BROOK FARM: Communal TRANSCENDENTALIST experiment in Mass.
Secular, humanistic
NEW HARMONY : create a socialist type community that would be an answer to the problems presented by INDUSTRIALIZATION.
Chapter 16
Slavery In America
Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia (1676) leads to shift from indentured servants to black slavery
1780s: Slavery issue of debate at the Constitutional Convention
They postponed a solution
3/5th compromise
Slave trade Ends in 1808
Fugitive Slave Act
Following American Revolution slavery slowly ends in Northern and middle states.
Lavery banned in Northwest Ordinance 1787
Missouri Compromise
North and South were able to postpone a major sectional crisis with the MO Compromise in 1820
“KING COTTON”
Southern economy was always reliant on CASH CROPS such as tobacco, rice, and cotton
ELI WHITNEY invents cotton gin and makes the cash crop economy profitable.
Demand for land for cotton production leads to huge increase in DEMAND FOR SLAVE LABOR
MARKET REVOLUTION: northern industries demand for southern cotton
Prosperity of South, North, and England built on backs of slave labor.
Western Expansion
Western expansion and the issue of slavery will cause an increase in sectional conflict
Missouri Compromise(1820)
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854)
Antebellum South
Primarily agrarian society: “KING COTTON”
Lack of industrialization
$$$ was invested in slave labor
25% of population owned slaves
Majority of southerners were not slave owners
Yet they support institution of slavery
Hopeful they will one day own slaves
Racism: Felt higher than slaves in southern society
Southern politics was in many ways a OLIGARCHY
Government by the wealthy few
Plantation owners
Southern large slaveholders control southern politics
Southern society can be broken down to these 4 groups
1)Southern plantation owners(the 1%)
2)Small slaveholders(10 slaves or less)
3)Yeoman farmers(no slaves)
4)People of the pine barrens(no slaves, no land)
Contrast with the north
Lack of immigration to the south
Expensive land in south
Lack of competition dues to free labor
Lack of public schooling reforms
African American Communities
African American population in the NORTH
About 250,000
Life weren’t that good for them even though there was no slavery in the north
Tension with Irish immigrant
Competition over low skilled jobs
Free black population in the SOUTH
About 250,000
Many RESTRICTIONS ON DAILY LIFE
Especially after Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831
Slavery
Chattel slavery
Slaves treated as property
“UNCLE TOM’S Cabin” : brought the issue of families being broken up to a mass audience
By the eve of the civil war most slaves were in the DEEP SOUTH
Slaves were not afforded any social, political, or civil rights
Illegal to learn to read or write
African American Culture emerged as a blending of African And American cultural influences
Aftrican American religion(especially after 2nd GA)
Black Christianity [Baptists & Methodists]:
African practice of responsorial style of preaching
Drawing on West African traditions
Importance of music in black culture. [esp. Spirituals]
Resistance to slavery
Forms of resistance
Work slowdowns
Negligence
Break equipment
Run away: Underground RR
Slave revolt
Slave revolts were not common
Whites had the weapons
Stono Rebellion (1739): South Carolina slaves runaway to Florida
Denmark Vessey (1822): massive revolt planned in South Carolina
Nat Turner (1831): revolt in Virginia killed 60 people(Only revolt in which southernern whites were killed)
Southerners react
Harsher Laws: “BLACK CODES”
Slave patrols
Abolitionist Movements
Quakers were earliest opponents to slavery
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY
Transport freed slaves back to Africa(1822 Monrovia, Liberia)
This was a failed plan because it was impractical
David Walker- “ appeal to the colored citizens of world” (1829) called for violent uprising.
William Lloyd Garrison ( 1833)
American anti-slavery society called for immediate uncompensated emancipation.
published “The liberator”
Sojourner Truth & Frederick Douglas: Former slaves who advocated for abolitionism
Liberty Party (1840)
Southern reaction: Defence of Slavery
Gag Resolution in Congress (1836-1844)
Ban on antislavery petitions being discussed in Congress
repealed by John Quincy Adams in 1844
Bans on teaching slaves to read or write
Southern states adopt strict SLAVE CODES
Nat Turner revolt
Anti-Slaver messages banned from Southern mail
Pro-Slavery argument by George Fitzhugh
Slaves as family
Better than “wafe slavery”
Civilized inferior people
Chapter 17
Election of 1840
Whigs chose William Henry Harrison
Vice President John Tyler
Former Democrat
William Henry Harrison dies 32 days after taking office
Beef with President Tyler
Tyler still holds many Democrats beliefs
starts to block goals of the Whig party (led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster)
Attempts to annexed Texas
defeated by Congress
Election of 1844
Polk wins
Wants to annex Texas
Lame duck President John Tyler submitted proposal and Congress annexed Texas (before end of his term)
accomplished by a joint resolution (only need the majority of both houses)
Does not need two-thirds approval by Senate
Goals of James K. Polk
Lower the tariff
National Expansion: Manifest Destiny
Expansion into Oregon
“54° 40, or Fight” threat to England
Annexation of Texas
Acquisition of CA
Manifest Destiny
Belief that it was America's Destiny to conquer and civilize the entire contents from east to west
built upon belief of white superiority
term coined by John O'Sullivan in 1845
western expansion been going on for some time
Louisiana Purchase of 1803
Missouri Compromise 1820
Jackson's Indian Removal policies in 1830s
issue of slavery complicated the issue of western expansion
The Oregon Dispute: “54’ 40 or Fight!”
Anglo American Convention of 1818:
us and England agree to peacefully jointly occupy Oregon Territory
Oregon Trail
Many American sellers flood into the area
major issue in the election of 1844
Oregon treaty 1846:
49th parallel, no war needed
Beef With Mexico
Mexico still View Texas as part of Mexico
dispute over River Rio Grande and Nueces River
attempts to buy California from Mexico
Slidell mission: Mexico refuses offer of $25 million for California
Polk sent Zachary Taylor into disputed Territory between Mexico and Texas
US forces attacked in April 1846
Mexican American war begins: 1846-1848
Controversy
Northern Whigs opposed the war
see it as an attempt by Southerners to expand slavery
Lincoln introduces the “ spot resolution” demanding to know if attacked really took place on us soil
Wilmot Proviso: attempted to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico
Passed by House, rejected by senate
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
Cook gave up claims to Texas
except the Rio Grande border
Mexico gave the US California, New Mexico, and rest of the Southwest
increase US Territory by ⅓
Mexico lost about half of its territory
this strains relations between the US and Mexico
New Controversies:
New territories were brought into the Union which forced the issue of slavery into the center of national politics
Chapter 18
Free soil movement
The Mexican-American War issue of slavery in the territories became the key cause of sectional tension
Free Soil Party formed in 1848:” Free Soil, free labor, and free man”
wanted no slavery in new land to the West
they wanted to keep breasts an opportunity for whites only
they were not against slavery in the South
many Southerners saw any attempt to restrict the expansion of slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights
1848 Presidential Candidates
Whigs Took no position on slavery in the election
their candidate was Zachary Taylor
Cass supports popular sovereignty
people in the territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery
their candidate was Lewis Cass
Free Soil Party opposed the extension of slavery in the territories( Wilmot Proviso position)
their candidate was Martin van Buren
Gold is discovered in California
California Gold Rush, 1849
sectional tension between the North and South grew
California creates a constitution Banning slavery and asked Congress for admission as a free state
Crisis over Mexican Cession
California try to become a free state, Cool balance of power in the Senate
15 free states
15 slave states
Southerners increasingly defensive over the institution of slavery
they saw the following as a threat:
Tallmadge Amendment 1819
Wilmot Proviso 1846
Underground Railroad
Threats of Secession
Call Southerners” fire eaters” talked openly of secession
could there be another compromise
we already had:
Missouri Compromise 1820
Nullification Crisis 1828 to 1833
Force Bill and compromise Tariff of 1833
Marie clay and Stephen Douglas calmed the situation down
Compromise of 1850
California admitted as a free state
Mexican Cession And Utah and New Mexico set up as territories
slavery will be determined by popular sovereignty in those two regions
it's banned slave trade in Washington DC
Tougher new fugitive slave law for the South
settle or dispute between New Mexico and Texas in New Mexico's favor
President Zachary Taylor dies, The new President Fillmore called the Compromise of 1850 the “final settlement” of sectional division
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Increase the sectional tension in the 1850s as a result of the Fugitive Slave Act
Fugitive Slave Act turn the north into a hunting ground for fugitive slaves
Nurse would go to North hunting for their escaped slaves
Northerners who assisted slaves could go to jail
slaves could not testify in court and were denied a jury trial
First time moderate Northerners saw the issue of slavery in their backyards
Northern Resistance
Northerners are suddenly sympathetic to the Abolitionist Movement
Growth in the Abolitionist Movement
Underground Railroad: helped escaped slaves to reach the North or to Canada
personal Liberty laws:
did not allow the use of local jails for housing fugitive slaves
vigilance committees: Galt protect you should have slaves from the slave-catchers
Anthony Burns: 1853 Escape From Slavery
1852 Election results
Democrats Franklin Pierce wins
whigs divided over slavery issue
National Expansion Challenged
debate over slavery slowed any attempts at National Expansion( manifest destiny)
Free Soil supporters had suspicions of any expansion attempts under President Pierce
Ostend Manifesto: plan for the US to buy Cuba from Spain
free soilers denounce this plan
Northerners increasingly feared at the South was attempting to create a slave Empire or" slavocracy"
Gadsden Purchase
Although most attempts at expansion fail under President Pierce, The US does agree to purchase a strip of land for 10 million dollars from Mexico in 1853.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Stephen Douglas wants to secura a railroad through his home state of Illinois out to the west.
Southerners aren’t going to approve any railroad route in that area because it would be North of 36:30 which means it would not have slavery allowed
In order to win Southern approval in Congress he introduces the Kansas-Nebraska Act
It would set up two territories:
Kansas
Nebraska
And the issue of slavery would be decided by popular sovereighnty
Repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Slavery could potentially go north of 36-30 line
Huge opposition in the North
Whig party falls
Republican party formed
This act opened area to slavery that previously it was clode off to.
Chapter 19
Northern resistance(to Fugitive Slave Act)
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(a book) By Harriet Beecher Stowe(1852)
inspired many Northerners to resist the Fugitive Slave Act
brought morality argument to the slavery debate
expose the horrors of Slavery to a northern and European audiences
Lincoln: “ So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this Great War.”
Result of the KANSAS-NEBRASKA Act
It was assumed that the Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state
pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces flood into Kansas
England Emigrant Aid company: Send Free Soil settlers to the area(anti-slavery)
from Missouri pro-slavery”border ruffians” came into Kansas
Two rival governments set up
Topeka - free soil
Lecompton - Slave govt.
Republican party is formed as a response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Sack of Lawrence 1856 - Free Soil town attacked by pro slavery foces
Pottawatomie Creek - John Brown and his homies attack pro slavery forces
By 1856 CIVIL war in KANSAS between pro and anti slavery forces
The Beat Down
Charles Sumner (Senator from Mass.) gives a speech condemning event in “Bleeding Kansas”
He insults Senator from South Carolina Andrew Butler
Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina enters Congress and beats Sumner with a cane.
Charles Sumner was so injured that he could not return to senate for many years
Violence over slavery in Kansas at spread to Congress
Election of 1856
1st time Republican Party runs a candidate for the Presidency
John C. Fremont
Democrats pick James Buchanan
Picked him because he had nothing to do with Kansas-Nebraska Act(he was in England)
Know Nothing Party picked Millard Fillmore
Anti-immigrant and anti Catholic
James Buchanan wins
Lecompton Constitution
Written by pro-slavery Orders in Kansas
1st challenge for President Buchanan
Lecompton Constitution
Pro-slavery
Free Soilers boycott the election
James Buchanan was Supported by President Buchanan
rejected by Congress
Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom
Dred Scott case goes to Supreme Court in 1857
Roger Taney was the chief justice (a southern Democrat)
Court ruled:
African Americans are not citizens of the United States
therefore could not Sue
since slaves are property they could not be taken away
protected under the Constitution
Congress could not make laws regarding slavery in territories
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Abe Lincoln(Republican) Stephen Douglas(Democrat) for the Illinois Senate in 1858
7 debates held
Lincoln challenges Douglas on Dred Scott decision: could slavery be prevented in the territories
Dred Scott Decision said no
Douglas takes the position(Freeport Doctrine) that territories could limit slavery
southerners are pissed
Results
Douglas keeps the senate seat
Lincoln becomes a national figure
Southerners are angry
Democrats will be split in 1860
John Brown at Harper’s Ferry
John Brown hopes to spark a slave revolt in 1859
He attempts to seize the federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry
It does not go well
he's charged with treason and hung
Impact
South is outraged
Brown becomes a martyr to abolitionists
immediate cause of secession
Southerners feel like they're under attack and John Brown provides them proof of that attack
Election of 1860
Democrats Split
The issue of SLAVERY had divided the Democrats
NORTHERN DEMOCRATS favor STEPHEN DOUGLAS
Popular sovereignty and enforce Fugitive Slave Act
SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS favor JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE
Allow slavery in the territories
Annex cuba and make it a slave state
Republican Party
Lincoln and the Republican party platform
For the free-soilers: No extension of slavery in terrotories
For the northern manufacturers: a protective tariff
For the Northwest: a Pacific railroad
For the farmers: free homesteads (land)
Results:
Republican party wins
For the first time
But Lincoln is a “minority” president
Although he gets enough electoral votes, he gets 40% of popular votes
Southerners see him as a sectional president
He is not even on the ballot of 10 southern states
Secession
South Carolina votes to secede in December 1860
Eventually 7 southern states leave the union before lincoln even takes office
They see him as a sectional President hostile to slavery
Confederate States of America is formed
Jefferson Davis chosen as President
Lame Duck President Buchanan does nothing to stop secession even though he believes it is illegal
From November 1860 to March 1861, he is still the president
One last attempt at compromise
Last ditch attempt to avoid a major crisis
hope to calm Southern fears:
The return of the Missouri Compromise idea
Slavery prohibited in territories north of 36° 30
slavery allowed in territories south of 36° 30
Lincoln REJECTS this
The position of the Republican party was no extension of slavery in the territories
Chapter 20-21 finish this
Fort Sumter: War Starts
Civil war did not begin until the attack on Fort Sumter by the confederacy
7 southern states had already left the union before Lincoln took office in March 1861
Lincoln’s Inaugural Address: pledged NOT to interfere with slavery and leave it where it is.
And that states didn’t have the right to secede
Lincoln says that they are sending provisions to Fort Sumter
Confederacy attacks Fort Sumter, civil War starts
Impact:
Unites the North against the south to preserve the Union
Southerners rally around the confederacy
4 more states join the confederacy
Border States
The border states between the confederacy and union states
They are:
Maryland
Missouri
Delaware
Kentucky
Goal of Lincoln to keep them(border states) in the Union because
It would have given more white men to the south and North would be powerless
Would double the manufacturing capacity of the South
And DC will be surrounded by confederacy.
How he kept the border states in the Union:
Martial law in Maryland
Guerrilla Warfare took place in Missouri
Suspension of writ of habeas corpus
North: The Union
Advantages
Disadvantages
Industrial ResourcesMajority of manufacturing capacity
Transportation
Railroads advantage
Powerful Navy and established government
Population Advantage
22 million to 9 million
Emancipation
Lack of leadershipMany top military leaders joined the south
Lack of Purpose
Southern states felt they were struggling for their independence
South: Confederate States
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fighting defensive warFriendly population
Sense of purpose
Reason to fight Southern honor
Veteran military officials
Cotton Diplomacy
Hoped would get recognition and financial assistance from cotton sales
Had no NavyNo government structure
States rights!
Poorly equipped and no railroad system
Weak economy
No manufacturing
Mobilization For War: NorthConscription Act:
March 1863 all men 20-45 had to register for draft
Unfair to the poor:
“Three Hundred dollar men” substitutes
NY City Draft Riots:
July 1863 mob of mostly Irish Americans attacked the wealthy and African Americans because they blamed them for the war
Lincoln proclaimes he was not fighting the war to end slavery
Secession was not legal
needed to keep support from Border states
Fear from white workers in the North
Political concerns: Northern democrats
Road to Emancipation
Two reasons to free the slaves
Liberates the slaves and undermines the economic foundation of south
ideological: right thing to do, pressure to do so
Radical republicans pressured Lincoln to make the war about slavery
Confiscation Act: Slaves used for insurrectionary purposes declared free, incentive to escape South to go to Union camps
2nd Confiscation Act: Freed all slaves who were enslaved by anybody engaged in rebellion against the US.
Emancipation Proclamation
Chapter 22
Reconstruction
Key Challenges:
How do we bring the South back into the Union?
Reunification and reconciliation!
How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war.?
How do we integrate and protect the newly emancipated black freedman?
What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?
What should we do with former Confederate leaders?
Problem
The freedmen were largely Unskilled, illiterate, and the South property or money.
Freedmen’s Bureau: March 1865
Purpose: Help former slaves and poor southern white after the (civil war)
To provide food and shelter
But GREATEST SUCCESS was in education
Freedmen’s Bureau though 200,000 African Americans how to read
“Forty acres and a mule”
Confiscated land to be given to former slaves
Never happened
Former slaves are economically vulnerable
Types of Reconstruction Plans
Wartime Reconstruction
By President Lincoln
In 1863, during the war
Also an effort to make south quit the war
Rules:
Southern states may rejoin the Union once %10 of voter pledge loyalty to the Union
Those who voted in 1860
Must accept emancipation
This was easier on the South
Wade-Davis Plan
By Congress
Rules:
50% of the voters from 1860 must take “iron clad” oath of allegiance
Excluded those who aided Confederacy
This was much harder on the south
Pocket Vetoed by Lincoln
President Andrew Johnson (becomes a plan)
Lincoln assassinated after the war ended.
VP Andrew Johnson becomes president
Also a former Democrat
He recognizes the %10 Lincoln plan
But he disenfranchised any former confederate leaders and anybody who owns $20,000 of taxable property.
But they could apply for a pardon and he pardons many
Rules:
All states must ratify the 13th Amendment(ratified Dec. 1865) abolished slavery.
Same as Lincoln’s %10 rule
Johnson ends up pardoning most of former Confederate leaders
This angers northerners
This also made Southern planters reestablish political control of the South
***Key Idea***
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war’s most dramatioc social and economic change, but the exp;oitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system endured fro several generations.
Southern Defiance: BLACK CODES
Black Codes: Purpose was to guarantee a stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated
Southerners hope to RESTORE PRE-EMANCIPATION SYSTEM OF RACE RELATIONS
Examples:
Prohibited African Americans from Renting land or borrowing money to buy land
African Americans forced to sign labor contracts
Penalty for leaving before contract expired
African Americans can’t serve on a jury or vote in most Southern states
Many African Americans were forced to become sharecroppers
Allowed to use land in exchange for giving percent of crop to the owner of the land.
President Johnson vs. Congress
By 1866 Northern Republicans in Congress are angry when former Southern Confederate officials are returned to office.
This called for a STRICTER VERSION OF RECONSTRUCTION
Congressional Reconstruction was started as a result of this call for a stricter version of construction.
***IMPORTANT***
Transition of Reconstruction Policy between executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress prevents Southern Congressional delegates from coming back.
Feb 1866: President Johnson VETOED THE FREEDMEN”S BUREAU EXTENSION - congress overturned his veto and passed it
Republican controlled Congress passes CIVIL RIGHTS BILL 1866:
Gave citizenship to African Americans and sought to get rid of the Black Codes
Johnson vetoes
CONGRESS PASSED BOTH BILLS OVER JOHNSON”S VETOES
1st in US history.
Congress
How to prevent southern states from overturning laws passed during Reconstruction?
So they created the 14th Amendment
All persons born in the US are citizens of the US( FU dread scott)
States must protect rights and provide “equal protection of the law” & “due process”
Prevented former Confederate political officials from holding political office
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens.
Congressional Reconstruction
Republican controlled Congress now controls Reconstruction policy. Radicals vs. Moderates
Reconstruction Act of 1967 divided the south into 5 military districts controlled by Union generals.
Disenfranchisement of former Confederates & invalidate state govts of Lincoln & Johnson (%10)
For southern states to be READMITTED: Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
President Johnson Impeached
1867 Congress passed tenure of Office Act in order to reduce Presidential power & protect Republican Reconstruction cabinet members
The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general.
President Johnson removed Sec of War Edwin Stanton in 1868
The House immediately votes to impeach President Johnson
One vote short of removal from office in the Senate
Reconstruction Amendments
13th: freedom. Abolished slavery
14th: Citizenship granted. Equal protection of the law & due process
15th: Universal male suffrage. Right to vote could not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Under the congressional or radical reconstruction, the south temporarily experienced a social and political revolution
Republicans elected in the South
1867 & 1872 for example
Hiram Revels elected in 1870 to the seat that (president of confederacy)Jefferson Davis use to hold
Reconstruction Governments
New electorate in the south as a result of the 15th Amendment and Congressional Reconstruction
Blacks could vote now
Republican coalition
African-American male voters
Scalawags: cooperating Southern whites
Carpetbaggers : Northerners who went to the South
some looking to profit While others wanted to help out
Construction falls apart
Ku Klux Klan established to secure white supremacy and resist reconstruction government
Force acts of 1870 and 1871 intended to stop resistance to reconstruction
this Force troops to be sent out to stop the KKK
Civil Rights Act of 1875: guaranteed equal access to public places. Protected right to serve on juries.
Rarely enforced and eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883
By 1870s Congress and President Grant would be unwilling to use federal government to monitor Southern Society
Summary
Federal intervention in southern Society under Congressional reconstruction yielded some short-term success
who United the Union
open the political opportunities to former slaves
temporarily rearrange the relationships between white and black people in the south
Civil War ended slavery and the idea of a divisible on union: But largely unchanged social and economic patterns
Although citizenship, equal protection of the law, and voting rights were granted African-Americans in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, these rights were progressively Stripped Away through segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics.
The reconstruction amendments established judicial principles that were staled for many decades, but eventually became the basis for Supreme Court decisions upholding rights in the 20th century.
Chapter 23
President Grant(1868-1876)
Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant wins the Presidency for the Republican party in 1868
Temporary social and political revolution- blcak voters vote for Republican candidates
He has no political experience, but he is a war hero.
Corruption during the Grant administration
Credit mobilier affair: VP & members of Congress involved in RR stock scandal
Whiskey Ring: 1875-Private Secretary of Grant helped steal 3 million from the fed govt in a tax corruption scheme
“Grantism” - term used to describe corruption in politics
The ultimate Symbol of Gilded Age Political Corruption: Boss Tweed
Local Political corruption:
Tammany Hall(Democratic party political machine):
“Boss” Tweed used bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to steal over $200 million from NY taxpayers.
Thomas Nast would expose this corruption to political masses
Panic of 1873
Severe economic collapse further distracted the nation from enforcing Reconstruction
Causes of Panic:
Overproduction in industries such as factories, railroad, and mining.
Over speculation by bankers: too much money loaned out.
Hard times inflicted the worst effects on debtors
Debtors advocate for relaxation of TIGHT MONEY POLICIES
Debate between “hard currency” and “greenbacks”
Agrarian and debtor groups want “cheap money”
want greenbacks issued
Election of 1876
Republican Rutherford Hayes vs. Democrat Samuel Tildon
Political controversy as results in 3 southern states are contested
Compromise of 1877
Southern/Democrats would recognize Hayes as President
In return, Hayes would pull federal troops out of the South and end Reconstruction.
Hayes to provide south political positions (patronage) and federal aid for a transcontinental RR for the South
The Court Undermines Reconstruction
Civil Rights Act of 1875: Protected Rights
Made it a crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public places
Prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection
This was made to protect rights of blacks
Civil Right Cases of 1883: Court striking down!
Supreme Court said 14th Amendment only protects against government violations of civil rights
Individuals can discriminate all they want
Overturns the Civil Rights Act of 1875
Jim Crow Laws spread through the south
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Racial segregation was constitutional if equal facilities were made available to each race (“seperat but equal”)
“New South”
Idea of “New South” promoted:
The South would rebuild, industrialize, and develop their economy.
However, Agrarian sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be dominant in the region.
Life for African Americans in the Post Reconstruction South continued to be filled with many challenges.
Challenges
Many things were made to disenfranchise black voters
Literacy test
Poll taxes
Property requirements
Grandfather Clauses
Exempted from electoral requirements anyone who voted in 1860 or prior
Chinese Immigration
Large increase in Asian immigration (especially from China)
Important during the various mining booms and building of railroads
Spike in nativism toward Asian immigrants in the west
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882:
Prohibited further immigration of Chinese laborers
1st time immigration restrictions on bases of race and nationality
Gilded Age Presidents
***Notes*** Gilded Age
“Gilded Age politics were intimately tied to big business and focused nationally on economic issues such as tariffs and currency policy.”
From AP curriculum
Both political parties during the Gilded Age ignored the political and social consequences of industrialization
Gilded age presidents, both Repub and Democ belived in “Laissez Faire” - To leave things alone (gov’t shouldn’t moderate society)
Key Issues:
Currency, Civil Service Reform & tariffs
Patronage was used by both political parties
Civil Service jobs given to supporters (“to the victor belongs the spoils”)
Calls for Civil Service Reform
Half Breeds: advocated civil service reform (James Blaine)
Stalwarts: supporters of patronage (Roscoe Conkling)
By the 1880’s the US treasury had a huge surplus from tariffs.
Gilded Age Presidential Politics
Chapter 24 finish this
Industrial Revolution
By 1900 America would become the leading industrial power in the world.
Rapid economic transformation of American society
Impacts the country economically, socially, politically
Manufacturing replaces agriculture as the primary source of economic growth
Rise of big business encouraged massive migrations and urbanization
Inventions & Innovations
Large number of new inventions developed during this period
High rate of PATENTS issued
Examples:
Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone
Thomas Edison: Electric light
These inventions and innovations will change daily lives, create new jobs, and have social consequences
First huge business
They are railroads
Land and loan subsidies give by the fed gov’t to the railroad companies
It was a laissez faire time when the gov’t was pro business
The gov’t hooked RR companies with land so that:
The value of western land would go up,
Easy transfer of troops to west
Mail
Ne BUSINESS PRACTICES introduced by RR companies such as establishing the modern stockholder corporation, business management strategies, financin, and regulation of competition
Consolidation leads to standardization of the industry: steel rail, standard gauges
First Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
By republicans mostly
Union Pacific:
Built from Omaha, Nebraska to the West
Irish workers
Central Pacific:
Sacramento to Sierra Nevada
Chinese workers
Two came together at
PROMONTORY POINT
May 10 1869
4.53
Chapter 25 (start this)
Chapter 26 (start this)
Chapter 27
Important Ideas
Since the 1790s US territorial expansion has largely focused on western expansion.
In 1893 Fredrick Jackson Turner says the frontier is closed
With end of the Wounded Knee war with Indians
The 1890s marks a transition in US history: the US becomes a global power
Motives for Imperialism
Economic:
Open up markets abroad, access to cheap raw materials
Political:
Desire to compete with other nations
Don’t want to fall behind
Strategic/Militar:
Acquire naval bases
ALFRED T.MAHAN “The influence of Sea Power” - need to have a powerful navy.
Building of the panama canal
Ideological motives:
Idea of “white man’s burden”
Darwin’s concepts applied to international affairs
REV. JOSIAH STRONG’S “Our Country” Anglo-Saxon civilization is superior
Must colonize other lands to spread “superior” civilization
Basically this belief was used as a motive to colonize other lands
Case Study: HAWAII
In 1820’s American missionaries go to the islands to convert native people to Christianity
Americans sugar and pineapple planters begin buying up land
Ex. Dole Family
In 1887 the US signs a treaty establishing Pearl Harbor naval base
Various interest in the US want to annex Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani advocated that Hawaii should be controlled by the Hawaii people
Revolt orchestrated by plantation owners, overthrows the queen in 1893
Grover Cleaveland rejects annexation, WILLIAM MCKINLEY ANNEXES in 1898
Spanish American War Background
Cuba was one of the few colonies still controlled by Spain
Revolts against Spanish empire were becoming more common.
Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took controversial steps to stop the rebellion
RECONCENTRATION camps: Many Cubans die of starvation and disease
Why does the US care?
US investments in SUGAR PLANTATIONS
Sympathy for Plight of Cuban people
Yellow Journalism: exaggerated reporting
Of hunger etc in Cuba
De Lome Letter: Spanish officials disrespect President McKinley
Spanish American War
USS Maine explodes
Feb 15, 1898
240~ people die
YELLOW PRESS blame Spain for the destruction of the battleship Maine
But Spain didn’t
April 1898, US declares WAR with SPAIN
US, Cuba, Philippines VS Spain
TELLER AMENDMENT: The US has no intention of taking over Cuba.
Cuba will control their own gov’t
Secretary of state Jon Hay referred to the war as “A splendid little war”
George Dewy crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the the “Rough Riders”
War ends in August 1898
4 month war
Treaty of Paris will spark a debate in the US.
Treaty of Paris
It gives the US:
Guam
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Philippines
Spain is given $20 m
Impact of the War (Spanish American War)
Key debate: What should the US do with these newly acquired territories
Debate in Congress: 2/3 vote needed to ratify treaty
Anti-Imperialist League: opposed annexation of the Philippines
McKinley favored expansion and CONGRESS NARROWLY APPROVES TREATY OF PARIS
Cuba
US technically leaves cuba in 1902
Because of Teller Amendment
Platt Amendment
Passed in 1901
The US can intervene to restore peace and order
Cuba is half free nation
Cuba could not sign a treaty with a foreign power
Limited independence
US could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay
Puerto Rico
Foraker Act (1900)
Puerto Rico was granted limited degree of popular gov’t
Puerto Rico withheld full self rule
Congress granted US citizenship in 1917
Status of places such as Puerto Rico and Philippines were uncertain
Did the rights and protections under the US ConstitutionFollow the US flag?
Insular Cases:
Constitutional rights are not automatically extended to people in American territories
Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo Was the leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain
he fought alongside the us against Spain
following the Treaty of Paris he thought the Philippines would receive independence
Brutal Guerrilla War Takes place between the US and the Philippines
Formal Independence not until 1946
The US was interested in Philippines because of easy access to China
Access to China
The US was very interested in gaining access to markets of China
Problem: other nations had carved up China into spheres of influence
Area of exclusive trading privileges
Secretary of State John Hay announces the open door policy in 1899
All Nations should have equal trading privileges to China
Boxer Rebellion it was an attempt to remove foreign influence of China
Rebellion put down by an international Force
President Theodore Roosovelt
McKinley is reelected in 1900
Theodore is VP
McKinley is assassinated in 1901
Theodore Roosevelt becomes president
Under TD there will be a rise in the power of Presidency
TR will pursue an expansionist foreign policy
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Use diplomacy often, but also use force when necessary
Panama Canal
The presence of a canal with dramatically cut down travel time for:
Trade
Military
first attempt to build a canal was by France
it's failed because
malaria and other illnesses
underestimating of the cost of the job
The company was bankrupted at the end
Roosevelt attempted to get Columbia to allow the US to build a canal in Panama
Columbia was controlling Panama at the time
Columbia reject the treaty
TR decided to secretly support the movement for Panamanian independence from Colombia
after Panama is independent from Colombia: they sign a treaty
Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty
Give US right to build canal
Canal is complete in 1914
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine( 1823): Europe should stay out of Western Hemisphere
Problem: Various Latin American countries owed money to countries such as England and Germany
England sends warships to Venezuela In 1902
Santo Domingo owed money
TR worried Europe with keep intervening
Roosevelt corresponds by issuing the Roosevelt Corollary
The US has the right to INTERVENE IN LATIN AMERICA
US dramatically expanded its role in Latin America
Various Presidents send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, & Nicaragua
Strains relations between the US and Latin America
Roosevelt in East Asia
TR wins nobel prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR(1805)
Japan beats down Russia
The US Increasingly concerned over the growing strength of Japan
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908):
Laws in California discriminated against Asian immigrants
San Francisco required Asian students attend segregated schools(fear of “yellow peril”)
TR and Japan reached a compromise
Japan secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the US by holding passports
TR would pressure CA to repeal its law
Great White Fleet (1907-1908): Roosevelt sends new fleet of US battleship on trip around the world
Demonstrates US growing power
Chapter 28 (1890-1912)
The Progressive Movement
WHY: Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created significant changes and challenges for the US.
WHAT: Effort to use government power to regulate and improve society
Rejection of laissez faire ideology
Not a radical movement - rejects ideas such as socialism
It wanted to:
Save and improve capitalism
WHO: Many of the Progressive Era reformers were middle class men and women
But very diverse group of reformers
Protestant church leaders demanding temperance
Politicians regulating monopolies / trusts
Union leaders addressing workers rights
Women demanding right to vote
African americans demanded greater equality
Compare to other reform periods: Age of Jackson, populist, New Deal
Promoting Reforms: Muckrakers
Muckrakers: Attempted to expose problems in American society
Named by TR
Ida Tarbell “History of Standard Oil Company” (book) published in McClure’s Magazine (1902)
Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” exposed horrors of life in the slums of NY (1890)
Lincoln Steffens “The Smae of the Cities” (1904) exposed corruption in city politics (political machines)
Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” (book)
Role of Women in the Progressive Movement
Women played an important role in the Progressive Movement
Broke down the idea of the “separate spheres”
Idea that a woman’s place was in the home
Idea of republican motherhood
To raise children to be good citizens
National Child Labor Committee fought for laws banning child labor
By 1907, 2/3 of states will have child labor laws
National Consumers League headed by Florence Kelley advocated for the right of women in the work place, laws against child labor, etc.
Muller v. Oregon (1908) court ruled that laws protecting women workers and restricting women to 10 hour days were CONSTITUTIONAL
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
Stimulates a lot of activism amongst women and workers
Led to the death of 146 workers
Most women and immigrants
Women role in Temperance Movement
Urban Reform
Large Number of problems in the cities
Urban poverty & slums
Political corruption
Alcoholism
Jane Addams & Florence Kelley(settlement houses)
Helped people get out of urban poverty
Desire to take away power from political bosses by placing municipal services under PUBLIC control
Municipal Gov’t reform such as voters electing heads of city departments (fire, police, sanitation)
To make thing more efficient
Less corrupt
State Reform
Many progressive governors fought against corporate control of state politics
Governor Robert La Follette pioneered many reforms in the state of Wisconsin
Wisconsin Idea
Follette’s idea
It regulated public utilities
Took on the powerful railroad industry
Adopted tax reforms
Political Reform
Political Reform(of progressive movement)
Political reformers wanted to increase democracy and reduce the control of trusts
Australian or Secret Ballot: allowed voters to mark their choice for office secretly
Would not be intimidated
Direct Primary: nomination of candidates placed into the hands of the voters
Recall: elected politicians could be removed from office by the voters before their term expired
Initiative: voters could introduce laws
Referendum: voters could directly vote on a law
17th Amendment: rather than the state legislatures, voters would directly vote for US Senators
Populist Party advocate for this in 1890s
Temperance Movement(moralistica aspect of progressive movement)
Division over the temperance movement
“Wet” - against prohibition
“Dry” - supporters of prohibition
Against prohibition
For phobotion
Protestant Native bornRural
Catholic immigrantsUrban
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: large organization of women advocating for temperanceAnti-Saloon League (1895) was leading organization advocating for legal prohibition
Wanted to go through legal ways instead of a pledge
18th Amendment (1919)
Theodore Roosovelt*****************************************************************
Roosevelt believed in an enlarged role for the President
Example in change of labor relations:
McKinley: Great Railroad Strike of 1877
McKinley sided with corporations
Cleaveland: Pullman Strike 1894
Cleaveland sided with corporations
TR: Coal Miners strike 1902
He attempts to mediate the labor dispute between management and the workers
Owners won't compromise so TR threatens to take over mines with federal troops
Big difference compared to previous presidents during the gilded age where the fed troops were used against workers
He wasn’t really pro labor union, he had these ↓↓↓↓↓↓
Roosevelt proposes a series of Progressive reforms known as the Square Deal (3c’s)
1. Corporations: Control of corporations
2. Consumers: Consumer protection
3. Conservation: Conservation of the environment & its natural resources
Corporations; Trust Busting
Sherman Anti-Trust (passed in 1890) was relatively ineffective(in TR’s view) at reducing the power of corporations / trusts
This was often times used against labor unions
TR broke up the Northern Securities Company (railroad monopoly)
Upheld by Supreme Court in 1904
TR will be known for “trust busting”
He busted 40 corporations
TR distinguished between “good” (efficient & lower prices) and “bad
“ trusts (hurt consumers & stifled competition)TR also sought to increase the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission
Was intended to regulate railroad rates across state lines and was relatively weak through the gilded age
Examples:
Elkins Act (1903) increase penalties for rate rebates
Hepburn Act (1906) gave the ICC the power to set maximum rates for railroads
Consumer Protections
At this time, it is a laissez faire attitude and relatively few protection of customers
Relatively few protections for consumers
Upon Sinclair’s “The Jungle” was intended to increase support for socialism and workers rights
Public focuses in the unsanitary nature of the meat industry
Public pressure for TR to act
Meat Inspection Act (1906) the federal government would regulate and inspect the meat industry
Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
Created FDA & protected the public against the manufacture, slae, and transportation of mislabeled foods and drugs
Conservation
This is TR big win domestically
The issue of conservation did not register as a national issue
Sierra Club (since 1892) has been advocating for the environment
TR used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to protect 150 million acres of federal land
Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 - money from sale of public lands could be used for irrigation projects in the west
Conservation was TR’s most long lasting domestic achievement
Contrast with Preservation
Taft
TR honors Washington and doe not seek a 3rd term
He hands over the Republican leadership to William Howard Taft
Taft will continue some of the TR’s progressive policies
Taft broke up more trusts than Roosevelt
Continued conservationist policies
Taft’s Foreign policy:
Differed from TR’s
Taft “Dollar Diplomacy” - Encouraged businesses to invest $ in areas of strategic concern to the US
Instead of “big stick” policies of TR
Election of 1912: Taft and TR running against each other.
Chapter 29 (start this)
Chapter 30 (Roaring 20’s)(finish this)
Fear following WWI
Communist Party came to power in RUSSIA in 1917. “Bolshevik Revolution”
Fear of communism getting the world
Strikes occur in 1919. Many shut down important industries.
Steel strike of 1919
Boston Police strike of 1919
Race Riots occur in American cities due to resentment over competition for jobs & housing
Bombings occur in 8 American cities
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led a series of raids against suspected radicals.
Thousand arrests
Red Scare: 1919-1920↑↑↑↑↑
Rise of Nativism
Palmer raids led to mass arrest of socialist, anarchist, union organizers, or other suspected radicals
Continued hatred toward new immigrants
Quota Act of 1921:
Limited immigration # to %3 of those living in the US as of 1910
National Quota Act of 1924:
Set quota at 2% of immigrants in the US.
But used the 1890 census
Intended to limit the new immigrants from southern eastern Europe
Severely restricted Asian immigrants- No Japanese immigrants at all
Unrestricted immigration from Western Hemisphere
Chapter 31 (start this)
Chapter 32 (start this)
Chapter 33 (start this)
Chapter 34 (start this)
Chapter 35 (start this)
Chapter 36 (1945-1952, The Cold War Begins) -Truman
Postwar Economy
Fear that the economy would collapse after World War II
Would the gi's returning home find jobs
could the Great Depression return
GI Bill of Rights (1944): Help veterans by providing tuition assistance for school and low-interest government loans
Tremendous economic boom occurs roughly from 1950 onward
Because during WWII, there were no consumer goods and people saved money. After war, buying power of the ppl was a lot
After WW2 the u.s. is by far the richest nation in the world
Middle class grows to over 50%
Defense spending is a big reason for the economic prosperity
As cold war starts
Much of this growth will take place in Sunbelt
Most defense work are in sunbelt
Move to suburbs, Levittown, and baby boom (next video)
Truman Administration(1945-1953)
VP when Roosevelt dies
Moderate Democrat
Truman had a tough time politically
Truman was 1st President in the 20th century to use powers of Presidency to CHALLENGE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
Desegregated the armed forces
ANGERED SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS
Republican controlled Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Act over Truman’s veto
Made “closed shops” illegal
Republicans wanted to reduce the growing power of unions
Unions got big after the Wagner Act
From second NEW DEAL
In Election of 1948, Democrats were divided.
BC of the issue of civil rights and dems thought he wasn’t LIBERAL ENOUGH
Liberal Democrats supported Henry Wallace
Southern Democrats supported StormThurmond (Dixiecrats)
Most analysts pick Truman to lose to Republicans
Truman WINS in 1948
Truman’s Fair Deal
Truman’s domestic reform program known as the “FAIR DEAL”
Called on extending programs and progress of the New Deal
Extend SS benefits
Increase minimum wage
National health insurance
Etc.
Conservatives(and southern Democrats) in Congress blocked most of his Fair Deal proposals
Except the increase of minimum wage (40￠ to 75￠)
America in the Postwar World
Unlike in the Post World War I period, the US will play a key role in post World War II affairs
Following WW2 the US is NO longer isolationist.
The US joins the United Nations (UN) in 1945
Created during WWII
During WW1, US rejected the league of Nations
Member of the permanent UN Security council
International finance agreements established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 sought to establish a stable global economy
IMF & World Bank was intended to help rebuild war-torn world and help promote international trade
Soviets (rejected) and viewed it as a tool to promote capitalism and rejected membership
Cold War Begins (Under Truman Administration)
Ideological, political, and military struggle between the US and the Soviet Union (1945-1991) until the collapse of Soviet Union
**** The big Three alliance between the US, Britain, and Soviet Union was a temporary alliance that existed before WWII ending
Even prior to 1945 tensions existed between the two sides
Ideological conflict between capitalism and communism
We were scared after WW1, we had a red scare
Wilson supported the “White Army” which sought to stop the Bolshevik Revolution (US doesn't recognize Soviet Union Until 1933)
Stalin was a brutal dictator and signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler in 1939
Proved Stalin can’t be trusted
Tensions during WW2
The allied alliance was an alliance out of convenience and necessity. - - - - - - - - - - They needed each other to beat the AXIS FORCES
Examples of tensions:
Stalin angry over the delays of opening the 2nd front (not until 1944)
Soviets were not included in the development of the atomic bomb(Manhattan Project)
The US and the Soviets had a very different vision for the Eastern Europe
Yalta Conference(During the War) & Post War Europe
The Big Three met in Yalta in early 1945(when Roosevelt was alive)
Discuss the post war plan
FDR and Churchill think Stalin agrees to allow representative government(for elections to take place)(Stalin say NO No)
FDR wanted to get Stalin to agree to help out in the war against JAPAN
Fear that the allies would have to invade Japan to defeat them(no nukes yet)
Casualties of US troops on smaller islands made FDR want help from USSR
(when the war ends)Stalin wants a BUFFER ZONE in Easter Europe
Soviets suffered half of WW2 deaths(20 million)
Stalin refuses to remove the “red army” from Eastern Europe and rigged elections brought pro-Soviet govts into power
Pro-Soviet puppet governments in the name of preserving Soviet security
The Fate of Europe: Containment
March 1946 former PM Winston Churchill gives the “Iron Curtain” speech in Fulton Missouri
Wanted western democratic nations(US and England) to stop Soviet expansion together in Europe
George Kennan develops the containment policy in “Long Telegram” Feb. 1946
The US should work to stop Soviet expansion
Containment would guide US policy through the COLD WAR
Containment In Action
Both Greece and Turkey were under communist pressure
Truman Doctrine (March 1947): US would provide military and economic aid to help prevent Greece and Turkey from falling to the communist
US send $400 million to Turkey
Truman does NOT send troops
As a result of the economic hardships facing Europe in 1946-47, fear that communist may be voted into power inwestern Europe(Italy and France)
“European Recovery Program” by Sec. of State George Marshall (Marshall Plan) would provide billions of dollars of aid to Europe
Stop communism from spreading by providing economic aid
Western Europe rapidly rebuilds and communism does not spread
Soviets reject aid
Crisis In Germany
Following World War II Germany Was divided & controlled by US, England, France, & the USSR
Stalin wanted a weakened Germany & wanted them to pay reparations - (USSR)Starts to form German Democratic state
In June 1948 Stalin decides to blockade Berlin
Truman does not want to back down and look weak (Failures of appeasement)
But he also does NOT want to start a war or WW3.
This is a major international crisis
Berlin Airlift provides the city of Berlin with supplies for nearly a year (Stalin ends blockade in may 1949, 11 months later) very close to ww3
Germany divided: 1)Federal Republic of Germany(west Allies) 2)German Democratic Republic(east USSR)
Military Buildup
US joins 1st peaceful defensive military alliance in 1949: NATO
An attack on NATO member is attack on all nations
National Security Act (1947) established:
Dept. of Defense
National Security Council (NSC)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Arms race between the US and Soviet Union occurs
USSR tests its first nuke in 1949
US loses its monopoly on nukes
In 1950 NSC-68 report called for a massive military buildup (of the US)
To increase military spending upto 20% of GDP
Implemented with Korean War.
1952 US tests 1st hydrogen bomb
Cold War in Asia: China
Chinese Civil War between Nationalist under Chiang Kai-shek vs. Chinese communists led by Mao Zedong
The US provided lots o aid to nationalist forces (To Chiang Kai-shek)
Two Chinas:
1949 Mao declares China to be a communist country (People’s Republic of China)
Nationalist flee to Taiwan (Formosa)
Republicans blame Truman for the “loss of China” to communism
Contributes to growing fear of spread of communism
1949 Soviets also got the bomb
2nd Red Scare (late 1940s)
Widespread fear of communist influence and infiltration in American life
Smith Act (1940) made it illegal to belong to an organization that advocated to overthrow the gov’t by force
Federal Employee Loyalty Program (1947) investigated background of federal employees
House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) restarted after WW2 to search for communist influence in American life
This committee called Hollywood actors and other to investigate blah blah blah
Chilling effect on American Society
Spies Among Us
Alger Hiss: State Department member accused of being a communist by Whittaker Chambers in 1948
During the HUAC investigation, Congressman Richard Nixon makes a name for himself
Hiss convicted of perjury and sent to jail for 5 years
Julious & Ethel Rosenber (a couple) convicted of espionage in 1951 and executed in 1953
Joseph McCarthy
Korean War
Was occupied by Japan during WW2
Following WW2 Korea was divided at the 38th parallel
North of 38th: Soviets occupied
South of 38th: US occupied
By 1949 both countries withdrew their troops
June 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea
In order to contain the spread of communism the US (under the UN) comes to the defense of South Korea
No war is declared by congress
It’s called a police action
The war goes back and forth
China helps northern Korea to take back north
MacArthur called for expanding the war and criticized the “limited war” strategy
Truman wanted a smaller war where the war was only about containing communism
Truman fires the popular general MacArthur
Armistice eventually reached in 1953: Korea remained divided at 38th parallel
Outcome: Containment worked for Truman
Some critics charged Truman for being “soft on communism”
Chapter 37 (1950s) - Eisenhower
Eisenhower: I Like Ike
Republican Dwight Eisenhower was a moderate Republican elected in 1952
Hardcore anticommunist Richard Nixon as his VP
His political moderate stance can be seen in his acceptance of many of the New Deal programs
Largest public works project adopted: Interstate Highway Act (1956)
Provided for the building of 42k miles of interstate highways
Justified as necessary for national defense
So people could flee in case of a nuclear attack
Impact:
Created jobs
Growth of suburbs
More homogenous culture
1950’s Society & Economics
Economic prosperity of the decade
Rise of the American middle class
1st time in history white collar workers(suit and tie) outnumbered blue collar(manual labor)
Post WW2: move to suburbs, Levittown, & baby boom
Credit cards introduced in the 1950s allow for increase in consumerism
Tv becomes a common household item and contributed to homogeneity of American culture
Cultural Changes and Tensions
The rise of television led to questions regarding the nations morals, politics, etc.
Television glamorized the suburban life, woman homemaker
Cult of domesticity celebrated and re-enforced
Example of Tension in the 1950s:
Betty Friedan writes “The Feminine Mystique” which questioned the status of women in society
Seen as the modern Women Rights Movement
Rock n Roll music and Elvis Presley
Marilyn Monroe, Playboy magazine challenge sexual norms
“Beatniks” such as Jack Kerouac (“On the Road”) and Allen Ginsberg (“Howl”) criticized the conformity of the decade
Civil rights Movement
Since Reconstruction ended (around 1870s) the issue of civil rights was slow to progress
Jim Crow laws throughout the South
De facto discrimination in the south
Seeds of Change
WW2: New civil rights organizations such as CORE & increase in NAACP membership
Truman desegregated military (1940s) and introduces civil rights proposals
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal”
With help of NAACP
Overturned Plessy v. Furguson
Ruled that schools must be desegregated with “all deliberate speed”
Change was Slow: Movement Continues
“Southern Manifesto” signed by 101 members of Congress condemned the Brown Supreme Court decision
Governor Orval Faubus used state’s national guard to prevent Little Rock 9 from attending Little Rock Central High
Images of southern defiance pressured Eisenhower to send federal troops to escort the Little Rock 9
President has a constitutional duty to uphold federal authority
In Montgomery, Alabama Rosa Parks arrest in 1955 sparked bus boycott
Martin Luther King rises to prominence as the leader of the nonviolent movement
The Bus Boycott will inspire other civil rights protests across the country
Civil Rights Movement Grows: Grass Roots Movement
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) rooted in the black churches plays a key role in the civil rights movement
In 1960 Greensboro, North Carolina college students start the “sit-In” movement after being denied service at a segregated lunch counter at Woolworths
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed to help coordinate and organize the movement
Various grass roots movements pressure for civil rights well into the 1960s.
Cold War Continues
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles talks about “brinkmanship”
Thought “containment” was too passive and weak
Defeat communism, roll back communist gains
New Look Policy: buildup of nuclear weapons to deter communist aggression - “More bang for the buck”
Threat of massive retaliation kept the two superpowers from fighting one another directly
However, more rhetoric than reality
In 1953 Eisenhower helps end the Korean War with an armistice. Divided at 38th
During the Hungarian Revolution (1956) Eisenhower does not have the US come to the aid of the anti Soviet rebellion
Without outside support, the Hungarian Revolution is crushed by the USSR
Ike does not want a potential war in Europe
The Cold War
Stalin dies in 1953
Ike calls for a relaxation of tensions and a reduction in the arms race
“Atoms for peace” plan proposed
1955 Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders at Geneva
“Spirit of Geneva”
1st thaw of the Cold War
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in a speech talked about “peaceful coexistence” with the US
Hungarian Revolution crushed
In 1957 the Soviet Union shocks the US with the first ever satellite “Sputnik”
Fear we were technologically behind the Soviet Union
National Defence of Education Act passed in 1959 to provide federal money to improve education
NASA created in 1958 to help develop technology such as missiles and space exploration
“Space Race”
U-2 Spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Union (1960) and a pilot taken hostage
Cancels the planned summit between US & USSR
Tensions remained high
Decolonization
After WW2, the collapse of colonial empires (“decolonization”) lead to both the US and USSR competing for influence in Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East
US and Soviet will try to use these areas as pawns of the cold war
Cold War: Middle East
Under Eisenhower the Cold War expands into the Middle East: Fear of Soviet expansion
Eisenhower uses the CIA to undermine communist governments or to install pro US regimes (Iran/Guatemala)
This is less expensive and subject to less criticism since people don’t know about it.
1953 CIA helps overthrow the elected Iranian gov’t (Operation Ajax) when it attempts to nationalize foreign oil companies
Shah of Iran comes to power
Brutal dictator, but good oil prices & pro US
During the Suez Crisis President Nasser of Egypt nationalizes the Suez canal that was controlled by France/England
England, France, & Israel attack Egypt
Eisenhower is not informed
When the allies expect the US to give them oil, Eisenhower does not. Also the US is forced to back down to not get into a conflict with USSR
Eisenhower Doctrine: US promises economic and military aid to any country in the Middle East threatened by communism
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960
Cold War: Latin America
Guatemala (1954): the CIA helps overthrow the democratically elected leftist government
Brutal dictator comes to power
Cuba (1959): Fidel Castro leads a revolution which removes Cuban dictator Batista from power
Castro nationalized American owned businesses
Eisenhower ordered an embargo on Cuba
Cuba moves close to the Soviet Union
Eisenhower administration initiates plan to have the CIA train Cuban Exiles
Cold War: Asia (again)
Bye Bye IKE
In his Farewell Address Eisenhower warned about the “military industrial complex”
The U.S. was spending too much money on the arms race and it would have a negative impact on U.S. society
Compare and contrast Cold War success and failures of Truman and Ike.
For example: Ike called for relaxation of tensions and initiated 1st arms control efforts
But broadened Cold War and used CIA to undermine elected governments
Chapter 38 (1960-1968) - JFK & LBJ
John F. Kennedy
Election of 1960: Kennedy vs. Nixon
1st time candidates faced off in televised debates
JFK felt like he had the stage and won the debate.
1st Catholic candidate elected
JFK domestic program known as the “New Frontier”
Fed $ to education, health care programs, civil rights, etc
Most of his domestic agenda wo;; be blocked by Congress and overshadowed by concerns over foreign affairs.
Kennedy openly called on the nation to be the 1st to put a man on the moon
Peace Corps created to send Americans to underdeveloped countries to help
JFK Foreign Policy
Cold War continues under JFK
1961 Alliance for Progress: economic development for Latin America
Bay of Pigs Invasion: JFK approves of CIA plan (plan from Ike) to train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro gov’t
The invasion is a complete failure as Cuban exiles land in Bay of Pigs in 1961 & no uprising comes to their support
JFK doe not send support and Cuba moves closer to Soviets
Soviet build Berlin Wall in 1961 to keep east Germans from Fleeing to West Germany
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Oct. 1962 US U-2 spy planes discover the Soviets were installing offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba
Kennedy orders a naval blockade of Cuba (calls it a quarantine)(bc calling it a blockade is an act of war) to pressure the Soviets to remove the missiles
The world was extremely close to a potential nuclear war
What if the Soviets run the blockade?
Advisors told JFK to attack before missiles become operational
Later we know that they were already operational
Khrushchev agrees to remove the missiles:
Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba
The US would later remove missiles from Turkey
Impact:
Hotline between DC and Moscow
Effort to relax tensions: detente
Arms Race continues
Kennedy administration moved away from the Dulles idea of massive retaliation and “New Look” policy of reliance on nukes
Problem was nukes could not be used in smaller conflicts in countries such as Vietnam
Flexible Response (Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara): increased spending on conventional weapons and maintained a variety of options
JFK created Green Berets
Defense spending continues to rise under JFK
Lyndon Johnson
JFK assassinated in Dallas on Nov. 22 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald
Lyndon Johnson from Texas becomes the President
As a New Deal Democrat, 30 year member of Congress LBJ wanted to expand the reforms of the New Deal
Lyndon Johnson’s domestic program “The Great Society” would dramatically increase the size and scope of the federal government
Unlike the New Dal, the Great Society will seek to advance the causes of Civil Rights
Areas of Reform:
Immigration
Civil Rights
Education
Medial help for elderly and poor
Great Society
Michael Harrington’s book “The Other America” turned the nations attention on the 40 million ppl living in poverty
Johnson declared an “unconditional war on poverty” and Congress created the Office of Economic Opportunity (anti-poverty agency)
Head Start program (preschool)
Job Corps (vocational education)
Literacy and legal programs
Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965 ended the quotas designed to restrict certain nationalities (new groups come to America)
Great Society programs
Medicare: health care for those over 65
Medicaid: health care for poor & disabled
Food stamps, fed $ for arts, public housing, regulation of auto industry, etc.
Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring” exposed use of pesticides (1962) & helped lead to clean air & water acts
Great Society expands the welfare state to provide assistance to those previously ignored (poor, disabled, elderly, & civil rights!)
Critics: too costly, inefficient, too idealistic, create dependency, etc.
Election of 1964
LBJ(democrat) vs. Goldwater(republican)
Johnson ran in 1964 with a clear liberal agenda, intending to increase the welfare state
Republicans turned to the conservative Senator Barry Goldwater (Arizona)
Wanted to end the welfare state and balance the budget
LBJ wins in a landslide
But new conservative leaders emerge
They don’t like programs of New Deal or Great Society(Conservative reaction is coming!)
Democrats had the Presidency and control of Congress
Civil Rights movement
JFK was slow on the issue of civil rights
Grassroots Movements kept the pressure up for change
Freedom Rides: try to end segregation in bus facilities
JFK sent troops to allow James Meredith to register at Univ. of Miss.
MLK & other civil rights activist were thrown in jail in Birmingham, Alabama
“Letter from A Birmingham Jail”
March on Washington (1963) of over 200k ppl (“I have a dream” speech)
Civil Rights Act (1964): Segregation illegal in all public facilities & established Equal Employement Opportunity Commission that banned discrimination in employment
Civil Rights: Right to Vote
Lack of voting rights remained a major problem
24th Amendment outlawed collection of poll taxes
Freedom Summer (1964) voter registration drive in Miss.
March from Selma to Montgomery (1965) to advocate for voting rights was stopped by violence
LBJ sends in federal troops to protect the nonviolent civil rights marchers
Voting Rights ACT 1965 ended effort to prevent African Americans from voting in the south (literacy test banned)
Growing frustration with the slow pace of change
Civil Rights Movement Radicalizes
Watts Riots (1965) broke out following an arrest of a black motorist by white police officers
Malcolm X joined the Nation of Islam. Emphasized black nationalism, self improvement, separatism.
Leader of SNCC Stokely Carmichael called for “Black Power” (economic power, racial separatism)
Black Panthers formed in Oakland by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Vietnam(war with us since 1961-1975)
1945: France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu & abandon Vietnam
US was helping France
Increased US involvement under Eisenhower(republican)
US supported united unpopular leader of South Vietnam named Diem
JFK increased military advisors & troops in Vietnam
1964: Gulf of Tonkin Incident: LBJ claimed US ship attacked by North Vietnamese in Gulf of Tonkin
Maybe a lie
Tet Offensive (1968): surprise attack by North Vietnam during the Vietnamese New Year
Anti-War opposition intensifies in 1968
Other Movements Emerge
The Vietnam War deeply divided the nation between “hawks” (pro-war) & “doves” (anti-war)
UC Berkeley Free Speech Movement, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) issued the Port Huron Statement, and other “New Left” movements spread across college campuses
Betty Friedan created the National Organization for Women (NOW). Campaigned for Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Stonewall Riots(1969) gave rise to the modern gay rights movement
Chapter 39 (start this)
Chapter 40 (start this)